Translational effects and coding potential of an upstream open reading frame associated with DOPA Responsive Dystonia

Highlights

• The GCH1 142C > T SNP generates a functional upstream translation start site (uATG).

• The 142TuATG initiates a short, out of frame, upstream open reading frame (uORF).

• The uORF represses physiological translation of the GCH1 protein.

• The uORF functions beyond translational control, encoding a 73aa nuclear peptide.

• The 142C > T SNP causes cytotoxicity and reduces intracellular BH4 levels.

Abstract

Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) have emerged as major post-transcriptional regulatory elements in eukaryotic species. In general, uORFs are initiated by a translation start codon within the 5′ untranslated region of a gene (upstream ATG; uATG), and they are negatively correlated with translational efficiency. In addition to their translational regulatory role, some uORFs can code for biologically active short peptides. The importance of uATGs/uORFs is further underscored by human diseases associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which disrupt existing uORFs or introduce novel uORFs. Although several functional proteins translated from naturally occurring uORFs have been described, the coding potential of uORFs created by SNPs has been ignored because of the a priori assumption that these proteins are short-lived with no likely impact on protein homeostasis. Thus, studies on SNP-created uORFs are limited to their translational effects, leaving unexplored the potential cellular consequences of a SNP/uORF-encoded protein. Here, we investigate functionality of a uATG/uORF introduced by a + 142C > T SNP within the GCH1 gene and associated with a familial form of DOPA Responsive Dystonia. We report that the + 142C > T SNP represses GCH1 translation, and introduces a short, frame shifted uORF that encodes a 73-amino acid peptide. This peptide is localized within the nucleus and compromises cell viability upon proteasome inhibition. Our work extends the list of uATG/uORF associated diseases and advances research on peptides translated from SNP-introduced uORFs, a neglected component of the proteome.