Dynamic study of oral Candida infection and immune status in HIV infected patients during HAART
Section snippets
Background
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and it is characterized by a decrease in CD4+ T lymphocyte count. Since the first case of HIV infection was reported in 1981, there has been a continuous increase in the number of HIV infected patients. Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the incidence of opportunistic infections and HIV-related oral lesions has markedly decreased (de Almeida, Lima, Ziegelmann,
Patients
This prospective cohort study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Stomatology Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. Fifty patients with HIV/AIDS who were beginning HAART were recruited from the Infection Department of Chongqing Red Cross Hospital from February 2018 to July 2018, and all patients were followed up for one year. Oral examinations and blood sample collections were performed at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months after HAART initiation. The inclusion criteria were as follows:
General characteristics of patients
A total of 50 patients with HIV/AIDS were included in this study, and 46 patients completed one year of follow up. Reasons for the loss to follow-up were as follows: 1 patient died of pulmonary tuberculosis during treatment, 2 patients withdrew from treatment, and 1 patient withdrew from the study because he could not follow up on time.
Of the 46 HIV positive patients, 40 were male and 6 were female. Ages ranged from 17 to 71 years, with a median age of 35 (IQR:22) years. The most common mode of
Discussion
Many studies have investigated OC and immune status in HIV infected patients (Jha, kaur, & Sharma, 2014; Jiang et al., 2014), although no study has described in detail or explored the relationships between the dynamic changes in the incidence of oral Candida infection, CD4+ T lymphocyte counts, CD8+ T lymphocyte counts and the CD4/CD8 ratio.
Candida is a common opportunistic pathogen. At present, more than 200 species have been documented, including C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C.
Conclusion
The dynamic changes in oral Candida infections and immune status in HIV/AIDS patients during the first year of HAART were analysed to determine a preliminary exploration of the relationship. The prevalence of OC and oral Candida colonization decreased during the first year of HAART. C. albicans was the dominant species isolated from the oral cavity of included patients, and during the first year of HAART, the CD4+ T lymphocyte counts and CD4/CD8 ratios increased gradually while the CD8+ T
Author statement
Each coauthor has seen and agreed with each of the changes made to this manuscript in the revision and agreed to the way his or her name is listed.
Contributors
Xian Du developed the proposal, performed experiments, analysed data, and prepared the manuscript. Yao Yang and Hui Xiong performed experiments, and analysed data, and prepared the manuscript. Jihui Yan and Shuqiong Zhu assisted in oral sample collection. Fangchun Chen designed the study, directed the project, advised experiments, interpreted the results and revised the manuscript.
Funding
This paper was supported by the Key Project of Medical Research of Chongqing Health and Family Planning Commission (2016ZDXM020).
Declaration of Competing Interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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2023, Journal of Prosthetic DentistryCitation Excerpt :In contrast, Back-Brito et al36 reported a correlation between viral load and fungal colonization among HIV+ participants, where those with a low virus count (<400 copies/mm3) were less colonized by Candida spp. (P=.023). Patil et al,17 Aboualigalehdari et al,29 Ambe et al,41 and Du et al28 also reported a relationship between CD4+ T count and fungal infection, especially in CD4+ T counts that were lower than 200 cells/mm3. Therefore, despite the lack of correlation obtained in the analysis, health factors might be considered in the assessment of the risk of fungal infection of the oral cavity.
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2021, Disease-a-MonthCitation Excerpt :A study carried in 2015 by Oliscovicz et al., stated that a greater reduction in the prevalence of OC was associated with the use of HAART than ARV medications.22 A predominant number of published articles have indicated a statistically significant reduction in the incidence and prevalence of oral candidiasis following HAART as shown in table 1.1,3,20,23–47 Although a majority of the published literature suggests ‘HAART’ as an effective tool in reducing opportunistic infections such as oral candidiasis, a study by Solomon et al4 in 2018 showed a sustained prevalence of oral candidiasis.
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