Original research articleAnti-acidogenic, anti-biofilm and slow release properties of Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia flavone stabilized polymeric nanoparticles
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Dental caries is the most important oral infection and it is prevalent worldwide (Petersen, Bourgeois, Ogawa, Estupinan-Day, & Ndiaye, 2005). It is caused by plaque associated oral bacteria mainly Streptococcus mutans due to its ability to form biofilm and the production of acids in the oral cavity. Many oral hygiene products containing antimicrobial chemicals have been used to control and prevent dental caries. Medicinal plants have also been investigated for their ability to prevent dental caries. Crude extracts of Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia (DVA), have been found to have anti- S. mutans property (Naidoo, Patel, Gulube, & Fenyvesi, 2012). A flavone (5,6,8-Trihydroxy-7-methoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one) has been identified as the main compound exhibiting anti- S. mutans, anti-biofilm and anti-acidogenic properties (Ngabaza, Moeno, & Patel, 2018). However, beneficial concentrations are difficult to maintain in the oral cavity due to continual saliva flow which can be overcome using nanotechnology.
Nanoparticles have gained importance in many fields such as medicine, biomedical science, drug gene delivery, optics and chemical industry due to their extremely small size and large surface area to volume ratio (Iravani, 2011). Drugs that are used in combination with nanoparticles (NPs) show an increase in solubility and ability to adhere to biological surfaces thereby improving bioavailability and therapeutic activity (Wang, Dave, & Pfeffer, 2004). Controlled release systems also provide the benefits of protection from rapid degradation, targeting delivery, control of the release rate, and prolonged duration of activity by bioactive agents (Wang et al., 2004).
Polymeric nanoparticles (vary in size between 10–1000 nm) prepared from polymers such as Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid polymeric (PLGA) and Polyethylene glycol (PEG) have chemically modifiable surfaces and they are biocompatible, biodegradable, and capable of drug encapsulation and controlled release. In drug delivery, the drug is dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to the nanoparticle copolymer matrix (Singh & Lillard, 2009). This makes them potential carriers for safe and efficient drug delivery (Gentile, Chiono, Carmsgnola, & Hatton, 2014). The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-cariogenic and slow release properties of Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia derived flavone stabilized polymeric nanoparticles.
Section snippets
Plant material and test cultures
The plant was collected from Pypeklipberg Mkhunyane Eco Reserve in Mpumalanga province, South Africa. The plant was positively identified by a Taxonomist from the herbarium at University of The Witwatersrand as Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia Benth which belongs to the Sapindaceae family. Voucher specimen number J94882 was deposited at this herbarium (Patel & Coogan, 2008).
Stock cultures of Streptococcus mutans were obtained from the Oral microbiology laboratory. The cultures were obtained
Extraction of DVA flavone
The crude extract of DVA showed 6 fractions. These fractions were eluted based on polarity and they exhibited different colours. The fraction of interest, subfraction 5.1 was purified by several re-runs of column chromatography. The UV–vis absorption spectrum of subfraction 5.1 confirmed that it contained a flavone (Fig. 1) that showed two major peaks observed at 334 nm and 270 nm. These peaks appeared in regions that were cited as identified in literature, where band A is expected in the range
Discussion
A flavone, 5,6,8-Trihydroxy-7-methoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one present in DVA is known to have an anticariogenic properties (Ngabaza et al., 2018). However, if it is to be used in the oral cavity, due to the constant flow of saliva, it is difficult to maintain the beneficial concentrations. Therapeutic compounds with good substantivity such as chlorhexidine can provide long lasting effect because it becomes absorbed on to the oral mucosa which is released slowly providing long
Funding
This project was funded by the University of The Witwatersrand and National Research Foundation, South Africa.
Ethical approval
Stock cultures of Streptococcus mutans were obtained from the Oral microbiology laboratory. These cultures were originally obtained under ethical clearance (M10205) granted by The Human Research Ethics Committee, University of The Witwatersrand.
Authors contribution
Mpho Sebelemetja (postgraduate student) performed experiments and analysed the data, Sharon Moeno supervised the chemistry experiments, assisted in the interpretation of results and reviewed the manuscript, Mrudula Patel conceived the idea and designed the research project, supervised the Microbiology experiments and prepared manuscript.
Declaration of Competing Interest
We declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
We thank National research foundation and Faculty Research Committee, The University of The Witwatersrand for the financial support.
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