Replacement of fish meal by a novel non-GM variety of soybean meal in cobia, Rachycentron canadum: Ingredient nutrient digestibility and growth performance
Introduction
Aquaculture is a rapidly growing food-producing industry; however, there is still considerable potential for increased efficiency and efficacy of aquaculture through development of nutritious and cost-effective alternatives to traditional marine protein feedstuffs such as fish meal (FM). For cobia aquaculture, this is particularly relevant as suitable diets which reduce or eliminate FM protein are not yet commercially available. This species is the only member of the family Rachycentridae which is distributed worldwide in tropical and subtropical waters (Benetti et al., 2008, Ditty and Shaw, 1992, Shaffer and Nakamura, 1989). Cobia is well recognized for its fast growth and excellent meat quality and has been intensively farmed since the 1990s (Liao et al., 2004). The technology for reliable broodstock spawning and mass production of cobia fingerlings has been long established at the University of Miami Experimental Hatchery (UMEH). However, while the fundamental technology for cobia production is in place, more research is needed to resolve bottle-neck issues of cobia culture, particularly at the grow-out stage. One such limitation is the formulation of commercial diets with reduced FM levels that are both economical and environmentally friendly, while also maintaining optimal growth performance and disease resistance. The global FM supply remains relatively static but demand and price continue to increase (Naylor et al., 2009). Therefore, FM is a raw material that cannot be relied upon for aquaculture expansion. In contrast, soybean meal (SBM) has long been recognized as an excellent source of protein for animals and humans (Baker, 2000). However, SBM inclusion levels as replacement of FM in aquafeeds are limited by species-specific digestive physiology and by the presence of both heat-resistant and thermo-labile anti-nutritional factors (ANFs). While solvent-extracting and cooking may significantly reduce the biological activity of temperature-sensitive protease inhibitors, this processing also renders protein less available for absorption at the gastrointestinal level. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of protein and amino acids of a novel variety of non-genetically modified (GM) soybean product (Navita™) and contrast these coefficients against those obtained from fish fed conventional SBM. In addition, a study oriented at maximizing FM replacement in cobia diets, using fish close to marketable size was performed. The use of protein sources such as standard SBM, soy protein concentrates (SPC) and non-GM soy from selective breeding programs could greatly improve the profitability and ecologic sustainability of the industry. The overarching objective was to improve both the ecological and economic efficiencies of formulated feeds for cobia, Rachycentron canadum.
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Materials and methods
Care and handling of the fish as well as procedures used in this study were reviewed and approved by the University of Miami Animal Care and Use Committee. Navita™ meal was donated by Navita Premium Feed Ingredients (NPFI), West Des Moines, IA. This is a genetically unique, patented non-GM soy cultivar, which contains increased levels of protein and amino acids for animal feed and reduced ANF levels. Beans are made into a defatted meal by conventional methods but this particular variety is
Digestibility
Cobia readily consumed the test diets at approximately 3% body weight and the 30% inclusion of Navita or SBM did not result in reduced diet palatability. Feces were collected exclusively from the distal gastrointestinal tract (rectum). The ADCs for protein, energy and amino acids varied considerably (Table 4) with significant differences (P < 0.05) detected among the fish fed diets containing Navita or SBM. The ADC for crude protein was almost 20% higher in Navita than for SBM. In general, most
Discussion
The determined ADCs for protein and amino acids, presented in Table 4, are generally lower than those described for cobia in previous digestibility studies (Zhou et al., 2004). The use of a different fecal collection technique – settling columns vs. manual stripping – may explain in part these differences. As explained by Glencross et al. (2005), test diets containing high levels of vegetable ingredients including SBM may result in fecal pellets of lesser density and thus prone to increased
Acknowledgments
We wish to express our gratitude to the Illinois Soybean Association (Mr. Mark Albertson) for funding this research. Our sincere thanks to Mr. Francisco de la Torre and Dr. Michael Cremer for their support. Also the assistance of the Oceanic Institute (Dr. Warren Domini), the Fish Nutrition Laboratory at Texas A&M University (Dr. Delbert Gatlin) and the Food Protein Research & Development Center (Dr. Mian Riaz) also at Texas A&M University in diet manufacturing and sample analysis is greatly
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