Potential delivery of water-soluble protein hydrolysates to marine suspension feeders by three different microbound particle types

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.07.002

Aquaculture

Volume 296, Issues 1–2, 1 November 2009, Pages 174-178

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.07.002 Get rights and content

Abstract

Spray-dried zein particles (SDZP), spray-water zein particles (SWZP) and gelatin-alginate beads (GAB) were prepared containing a defined dietary mixture and their performances were compared for delivering the soluble fraction of protein hydrolysates. Measures of performances of these three different microbound particle (MBP) types included inclusion, encapsulation, retention and delivery efficiencies in addition to T₅₀ (time to 50% retention) values.

SDZP had higher inclusion (IE) and encapsulation efficiencies (EE) compared to those of SWZP and GAB. A maximum IE of 66.60% and EE of 10.01% were achieved for SDZP. Although elimination of water from the manufacture process resulted in significantly higher inclusion and encapsulation efficiencies for SDZP, retention efficiencies and leakage profiles of all particle types were similar and followed a biphasic pattern with an initial burst release followed by a slower phase. Delivery of hydrolysates by SDZP was greater than for other MBP types with fifty percent of the initial hydrolysate retained after 36 min suspension in water.

SDZP provides a more effective delivery vehicle for soluble protein hydrolysates than the other MBP types evaluated in this study. This, in turn, may help overcome limitations in the delivery of water-soluble nutrients and formulation of artificial diets for marine fish larvae and other suspension feeders.

Introduction

High leaching rates of water-soluble nutrients have been a major problem in the development of microparticulate diets for larval fish. Leaching rates of water-soluble materials, such as vitamins and amino acids, have been studied and typically, water-soluble nutrients have been reported to leach from various microparticulate types and diets within minutes of aqueous suspension (Lopez-Alvarado et al., 1994, Baskerville-Bridges and Kling, 2000, Yúfera et al., 2002, Önal and Langdon, 2005a). Lipid beads have been developed to reduce losses of water-soluble nutrients from microparticulate diets for marine suspension feeders but they may not be readily digestible by fish larvae.

Leakage losses of core material from microparticles in aqueous suspension are determined by a combination of factors such as wall or matrix properties, core–wall interactions and water-solubility of the core material (Washington, 1996). A significant correlation has been reported between retention efficiencies and water-solubilities of amino acids where leaching rates of amino acids increased as their solubilities increased (Önal and Langdon, 2005a). Incorporation of materials with lower water-solubilities and higher molecular weights, such as proteins or peptides, would likely be retained more efficiently in microparticulate diets. Solubilities of dietary nutrients have also been shown to play an important role in the nutrition of early fish larval stages. For example, it has been reported that replacement of insoluble casein with soluble casein had a positive effect on larval growth and survival of Cyprinus carpio (Carvalho et al., 2004).

Protein hydrolysates are promising as core materials as they typically consist of low molecular-weight peptides (Refstie et al., 2004, Aksnes et al., 2006) which are more likely to be absorbed by enterocytes compared to high-molecular-weight macromolecules. The nutritional value of protein hydrolysates has been evaluated in diets for rearing marine fish larvae and improved growth and/or survival performance has been reported (Cahu and Zambonino Infante, 1995, Berge and Storebakken, 1996, Zambonino-Infante et al., 1997, Refstie et al., 2004, Kvale et al., 2009); however, high dietary levels can negatively affect growth (Cahu et al., 1999, Kolkovski and Tandler, 2000, Kvale et al., 2002). Reported inferior growth rates of larvae fed on hydrolysates may have been due to imbalanced amino acid absorption (Berge et al., 1999, Cahu et al., 1999, Aragão et al., 2004).

This study aims to determine the leaching rates of the soluble fraction of protein hydrolysates from three different microbound particle (MBP) types that are commonly used in commercial fish larviculture. In previous works, these microbound particles have been shown to be accepted and broken down by fish larvae (Önal and Langdon, 2000, Önal and Langdon, 2005a). Determination of leaching rates of dietary ingredients from microparticulate diets is critical in optimizing delivery methods and developing new feeding protocols to maximize diet utilization, which, in turn, may result in higher growth and survival rates.

Section snippets

Gelatin-alginate bead (GAB) preparation

GAB containing hydrolysates were prepared by a method similar to that described by Önal and Langdon (2000). Three hundred milliliters of 2% w/w sodium alginate (Colloid Technologies Centre, TIC Gums Inc., MD, USA) was mixed with 200 ml of 2% w/w gelatin (General Foods Co, USA). Dietary ingredients (see Table 1) were added and the mixture was agitated for 15 min using a stirrer (Fisher Scientific, LR400C). The mixture was then forced through a spray nozzle where it was atomized with pressurized

Inclusion efficiencies (IE) and encapsulation efficiencies (EE) of microparticles

The proportions of water-soluble hydrolysates present in the initial spray mixture that were incorporated in the particles depended on the preparation method (Table 3). SDZP had an IE of 66.60%, which was significantly higher than those of GAB and SWZP (P < 0.005; Tukey's HSD). SDZP also resulted in 10.1% EE for hydrolysates which was significantly higher than those of GAB and SWZP (Table 3).

Comparison of performance of microparticles containing hydrolysates

Suspension time had a significant effect on retention of hydrolysates (P < 0.001; one-way ANOVA). There were

Discussion

The spray-dry method overcomes a major problem in the preparation of microparticles by eliminating water from the manufacture process, resulting in higher IE and EE compared to the two other preparation methods that involved suspension of particles in aqueous solution. Similarly, substitution of chilled water with vapor from liquid nitrogen for solidifying lipid spray beads resulted in an improvement in their IE and DE for crystalline riboflavin (Önal and Langdon 2004a). In contrast, low IE and

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