Contact call diversity in wild orange-fronted parakeet pairs, Aratinga canicularis
Section snippets
Study Area, Selected Contexts and Bird Recording
The study was conducted in the dry forest zone of the Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica. We observed all policies regarding animal welfare established by the ACG, the University of California San Diego and Cornell University. The breeding season for orange-fronted parakeets in Guanacaste runs from mid-December to mid-May, with a peak in activity from February to March. This coincides with the dry season of the Central American Pacific coast. June to November marks the wet
Diversity Based on Visual Classification
Table 1 summarizes the number of calls analysed, total number of variants detected, and relative use of dominant variants for each focal pair in each context. Figure 1 shows the overall diversity, richness, equivalent richness and evenness of each pair's dominant repertoire. Pairs produced three to nine total contact call variants, and the number of dominant variants (richness) ranged from two to five. There was a just-significant relationship between sample size and total number of variants
Contact Call Use and Diversity
One goal of this study was to determine whether wild orange-fronted parakeets produce individually distinctive signature calls. Focal pairs produced a total of three to nine visually distinctive contact call types, two to five of which were dominant for a pair. These dominants accounted for 88–100% of a pair's total recorded contact calls. This gave an estimated value of 1–2.5 dominant call types per bird, with a mean ± SE of 1.46 ± 0.13, for the 24 birds (12 focal pairs) examined. Diversity
Acknowledgments
We thank Roger Blanco Segura of the ACG for his support throughout the project and help in obtaining permits, Hugo Guadamuz Rojas for his expertise in locating breeding sites, Anik Clemons and Meade Krosby for field assistance in the spring of 2000, Amy Kelsey, Rodd Kelsey and Marissa Azzara for field assistance in the summer of 1997, Meade Krosby and Amy Therrell for laboratory assistance and Peter Tyack, Doug Nelson, an anonymous referee and assorted colleagues for helpful comments on the
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