Full length articleNano-analysis of Ta/FeCoB/MgO tunnel magneto resistance structures
Graphical abstract
Introduction
The theoretical prediction of over 1000% tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) by the preferential spin-dependent tunneling of certain wave functions in a coherent Fe(001)/MgO(001)/Fe(001) magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) [1], [2] led to the experimental demonstration of giant tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) above 150% at room temperature in MgO based MTJs [3], [4]. Subsequently, Djayaprawara et al. [5] reported that a heat-treated CoFeB/MgO(001)/CoFeB MTJs prepared by magnetron sputtering exhibits a much larger TMR of 230% at room temperature. The high TMR obtained in these MTJs was attributed to the growth of an (001) oriented MgO barrier on an amorphous CoFeB layer, and subsequent templated crystallization of bcc CoFe with grain-to-grain epitaxy between CoFe and the MgO barrier [6], [7]. The TMR ratio of CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB MTJ was found to be further improved by deposition of additional capping layers [8], [9], [10], [11]. In particular, Ta capping shows a remarkably positive impact on the TMR ratio of the CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB based MTJ, which is currently used in read head sensors in hard disk drives. Since the TMR values are significantly affected by the CoFe/MgO interface and the B segregation after the crystallization of amorphous CoFeB, several attempts have been made to quantify B during the recrystallization process. Miyagima et al. [8] and Karthik et al. [9] investigated the boron distribution in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB pseudo spin valves by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) with various capping layers. Kozina et al. [12] studied these structures using hard X-ray photoemission HAXPES. They reported a strong dependence of the crystallization process of the CoFeB layer on annealing temperature and capping layer. They stated to see a tendency of boron to diffuse preferentially to the Ta capping layer and rarely to the MgO barrier. Recently, Greer et al. [13] used standing-wave hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (SW-HXPS). They deduced a concentration of 19.5% of boron uniformly distributed within the MgO barrier and less amount of boron, up to about 2.5 at%, segregated at the interface to the Ta capping. Although these methods give important insight, the conclusions have been deduced through complex data processing. In general, it is difficult to access the segregation of light elements at buried interfaces without real 3D information in atomic resolution. Therefore, we apply in this work laser-assisted atom probe tomography (LA-APT).
Atom Probe Tomography (APT) is well known as an outstanding analysis technique on the sub-nanometer scale. It delivers three dimensional reconstructions of the atomic arrangement with single atom sensitivity. The recent extension of the atom probe technique by laser pulsing extended its application to semi-conductors and even insulating oxide ceramics [14], [15]. For a comprehensive description the reader is referred to recent literature [16], [17]. APT analysis of functional Fe(Co)/MgO/Fe(Co) TMR sensor films were already performed in recent studies see e.g. Refs. [18], [19], [20], [21]. In summary, these studies suggest that the details of the chemical behavior may depend sensitively on the actual deposition conditions and the quality of the produced barriers. Segregation of metallic components at the barrier or even their solution within the barrier have been reported. However, it cannot be excluded that these observations were due to a weak quality of the produced barrier, as it is indicated by inhomogeneous composition laterally along the barrier [18], [19] or due to some degree of over-oxidation, so that part of the electrodes became oxidized [20], [21]. Here, we focus on the general solid state reactions appearing in such layer structures. Therefore, in order to clearly work out the essential mechanisms, we prepare model structures of partly emphasized thicknesses under ideal sputter conditions. These allow investigating the chemical composition in the barrier and electrodes, the interfaces and the Ta cap in a clearer manner and so to analyze the underlying thermodynamic driving forces and the kinetics of segregation and dissolution of boron in the multi-layered structure of Ta/CoFeB/MgO.
We have already presented a previous study that was limited to model bilayers Ta/CoFeB, which could be analyzed by conventional high-voltage-pulsed APT [22]. In this work, we extend our investigation to the trilayer stack Ta/CoFeB/MgO, which provides a more realistic model to a real TMR device. This is especially important to check a possible solution of B inside the MgO barrier and to understand the epitaxial relation between the barrier and the electrode. In view of the recent success of laser-assisted APT, early attempts of analyzing thin insulating barriers by electrically pulsing, see e.g. Refs. [23], [24], need to be seen with some reservation regarding reliability. Here, as a consequence of including thicker MgO layers, the laser-assisted evaporation mode is without alternative to achieve reliable APT data of a statistically significant number of samples.
Section snippets
Experimental procedures
Since needle-shaped specimens that were prepared from actual MTJ by the lift-out technique were prone to rupture, we analyzed model Ta/Fe80Co20B20/MgO stacks that were deposited on tungsten needles. These substrate needles were produced by electropolishing starting from a 0.075 mm diameter tungsten wire using 2 mol/L NaOH electrolyte. The electropolished tips were field-developed to a well-controlled radius of 30 nm by using a field ion microscope (FIM). Then, triple layers of Ta10nm/(Fe80Co20B
Results of the nano analysis
A mass spectrum obtained by APT analysis of a Ta/CoFeB/MgO triple layer is shown in Fig. 1 (a). All major peaks can be assigned to the expected elements in various charge states. The two stable boron isotopes are detected as singly or doubly charged ions at 10 u and 11 u respectively 5 u and 5.5 u, while the singly charged ions represent the dominating species. Oxygen and magnesium are observed in different molecular combinations such as Mg2+, MgO+1 and the overlapping peaks O21+/Mg2O2+. The
Evaluation of the reaction kinetics
In order to understand the complex mechanism by which the TMR effect becomes optimized, it is enlightening to study the kinetics of the observed processes. According to Karthik et al. [9], [10], the optimum performance is achieved by annealing at 500 °C. So, we study atomic transport and transformations at this temperature. The general behavior of the layer stacks has been illustrated by the concentration profiles in Fig. 6. Averaging data of several samples, we determine the important kinetic
Summary
It is well known that boron additions to FeCo in combination with additional Ta capping layers lead to an outstanding performance of TMR devices build on the FeCo/MgO electrode/barrier combination. In this study, the thermodynamic and kinetic origin of this decisive improvement was investigated by atom probe tomography and complementing microscopy focussing on MgO/FeCoB/Ta and Ta/FeCoB/MgO/FeCoB/Ta model layer structures. A dedicated heat treatment is required to obtain the optimum performance
Acknowledgements
Funding by the German Science Foundation (DFG) through the Strategic International Research Cooperative Program (HU857/7, SCHM1182/10) is gratefully acknowledged. The PhD thesis work of HB in Germany has been supported by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD A/09/98562).
References (32)
On the interaction of an ultra-fast laser with a nanometric tip by laser-assisted atom probe tomography: a review
Ultramicroscopy
(2013)- et al.
Manganese diffusion in annealed magnetic tunnel junctions with MgO tunnel barriers
Scr. Mater
(2011) - et al.
Investigation of oxide tunnel barriers by atom probe tomography (TAP)
Ultramicroscopy
(2004) - et al.
Challenges in the study of Fe/MgO/Fe interfaces using 3D atom probe
Thin solid films
(2015) - et al.
Thermodynamic optimization of the boron–cobalt–iron system
J. Alloy. Comp.
(2011) - et al.
Spin-dependent tunneling conductance of Fe/MgO/Fe sandwiches
Phys. Rev. B
(2001) - et al.
Theory of tunneling magnetoresistance of an epitaxial Fe/MgO/Fe(001) junction
Phys. Rev. B
(2001) - et al.
Giant room-temperature magnetoresistance in single-crystal Fe/MgO/Fe magnetic tunnel junctions
Nat. Mater
(2004) - et al.
Giant tunnelling magnetoresistance at room temperature with MgO (100) tunnel barriers
Nat. Mater
(2004) - et al.
230% room-temperature magnetoresistance in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel Junctions
Appl. Phys. Lett.
(2005)
Transmission electron microscopy study on the polycrystalline CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB based magnetic tunnel junction showing a high tunneling magnetoresistance, predicted in single crystal magnetic tunnel junction
J. Appl. Phys.
Crystallization of amorphous CoFeB ferromagnetic layers in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.
Transmission electron microscopy study on the crystallization and boron distribution of CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions with various capping layers
Appl. Phys. Lett.
Transmission electron microscopy investigation of CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB pseudospin valves annealed at different temperatures
J. Appl. Phys.
Transmission electron microscopy study on the effect of various capping layers on CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB pseudo spin valves annealed at different temperatures
J. Appl. Phys.
Chemical diffusion: another factor affecting the magnetoresistance ratio in Ta/CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB/Ta magnetic tunnel junction
Appl. Phys. Lett.
Cited by (7)
Boron migration during amorphous to crystalline transformation in CoFeB/MgO multilayers: A reflectivity study
2023, Materials Research BulletinNanometer scale structural and compositional inhomogeneities of half-Heusler CoTi<inf>1-x</inf>Fe<inf>x</inf>Sb thin films
2019, Journal of Applied PhysicsMagnetoresistive sensors based on the elasticity of domain walls
2018, Nanotechnology