OBSTETRICS
Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes of Pregnancies Delivered at 23 Weeks’ Gestation

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Abstract

Objective

To evaluate the maternal and perinatal outcomes of pregnancies delivered at 23 + 0 to 23 + 6 weeks’ gestation.

Methods

This prospective cohort study included women in the Canadian Perinatal Network who were admitted to one of 16 Canadian tertiary perinatal units between August 1, 2005, and March 31, 2011, and who delivered at 23 + 0 to 23 + 6 weeks’ gestation. Women were included in the network if they were admitted with spontaneous preterm labour with contractions, a short cervix without contractions, prolapsing membranes with membranes at or beyond the external os or a dilated cervix, preterm premature rupture of membranes, intrauterine growth restriction, gestational hypertension, or antepartum hemorrhage. Maternal outcomes included Caesarean section, placental abruption, and serious complication. Perinatal outcomes were mortality and serious morbidity.

Results

A total of 248 women and 287 infants were included in the study. The rate of Caesarean section was 10.5% (26/248) and 40.3% of women (100/248) had a serious complication, the most common being chorioamnionitis (38.6%), followed by blood transfusion (4.5%). Of infants with known outcomes, perinatal mortality was 89.9% (223/248) (stillbirth 23.3% [67/287] and neonatal death 62.9% [156/248]). Of live born neonates with known outcomes (n = 181), 38.1% (69/181) were admitted to NICU. Of those admitted to NICU, neonatal death occurred in 63.8% (44/69). Among survivors at discharge, the rate of severe brain injury was 44.0% (11/25), of retinopathy of prematurity 58.3% (14/24), and of any serious neonatal morbidity 100% (25/25). Two subgroup analyses were performed: in one, antepartum stillbirths were excluded, and in the other only centres that indicated they offered fetal monitoring at 23 weeks’ gestation were included and antepartum stillbirths were excluded. In each of these, perinatal outcomes similar to the overall group were found.

Conclusion

Pregnant women delivering at 23 weeks’ gestation are at risk of morbidity. Their infants have high rates of serious morbidity and mortality. Further research is needed to identify strategies and forms of management that not only increase perinatal survival but also reduce morbidities in these extremely low gestational age infants and reduce maternal morbidity.

Résumé

Objectif

Évaluer les issues maternelles et périnatales des grossesses donnant lieu à un accouchement entre 23 + 0 et 23 + 6 semaines de gestation.

Méthodes

Cette étude de cohorte prospective portait sur des femmes du Réseau périnatal canadien qui ont été admises à l’une des 16 unités périnatales tertiaires canadiennes participantes entre le 1er août 2005 et le 31 mars 2011, et qui ont accouché entre 23 + 0 et 23 + 6 semaines de gestation. Les femmes ont été admises dans le réseau si elles avaient été hospitalisées en raison d’un travail préterme spontané (s’accompagnant de contractions), d’un col court (sans contractions), d’un prolapsus des membranes (s’accompagnant d’une dilatation du col ou dans le cadre duquel les membranes se situaient au niveau de l’orifice externe ou faisaient saillie au-delà de ce dernier), d’une rupture prématurée des membranes préterme, d’un retard de croissance intra-utérin, d’une hypertension gestationnelle ou d’une hémorragie antepartum. Parmi les issues maternelles, on trouvait la césarienne, le décollement placentaire et la manifestation d’une complication grave. La morbidité grave et la mortalité constituaient les issues périnatales.

Résultats

En tout, 248 femmes et 287 nouveau-nés ont été inclus dans l’étude. Le taux de césarienne était de 10,5 % (26/248) et 40,3 % des femmes (100/248) ont connu une complication grave (la plus courante étant la chorioamnionite [38,6 %], suivie de la transfusion sanguine [4,5 %]). Parmi les nouveau-nés pour lesquels les issues étaient connues, le taux de mortalité périnatale était de 89,9 % (223/248) (taux de mortinaissance : 23,3 % [67/287] et taux de décès néonatal : 62,9 % [156/248]). Une admission à l’UNSI a été requise pour 38,1 % (69/181) des enfants nés vivants pour lesquels les issues étaient connues (n = 181). Parmi ces enfants ayant dû être admis à l’UNSI, un décès néonatal a été constaté dans 63,8 % (44/69) des cas. Chez les survivants (au moment de l’obtention de leur congé de l’UNSI), le taux de lésion cérébrale grave était de 44,0 % (11/25), le taux de rétinopathie des prématurés était de 58,3 % (14/24) et le taux de quelque morbidité néonatale grave que ce soit était de 100 % (25/25). Deux analyses de sous-groupe ont été menées : dans le cadre de l’une d’entre elles, les mortinaissances pendant la période antepartum ont été exclues; dans le cadre de l’autre, seuls les centres ayant indiqué qu’ils offraient le monitorage fœtal à 23 semaines de gestation ont été inclus et les mortinaissances pendant la période antepartum ont également été exclues. Des issues périnatales semblables à celles du groupe général ont été constatées dans chacune de ces analyses.

Conclusion

Les femmes enceintes qui accouchent à 23 semaines de gestation sont exposées à des risques de morbidité. Leurs nouveau-nés présentent des taux élevés de morbidité grave et de mortalité. La poursuite de la recherche s’avère requise pour permettre l’identification de stratégies et de formes de prise en charge qui entraînent non seulement une amélioration du taux de survie périnatale, mais également une baisse des taux de morbidité que connaissent ces nouveau-nés d’âge gestationnel extrêmement faible et les mères.

Section snippets

INTRODUCTION

In Canada, preterm birth (less than 37 weeks’ gestation) complicates 7.9 % of pregnancies, with 1.2% of all births occurring at less than 32 weeks’ gestation.1 Preterm birth can result in significant perinatal morbidity, both in the short term and long term, particularly in infants born at earlier gestational ages.1., 2., 3., 4., 5. Multiple studies have evaluated perinatal outcomes of infants born in the periviable period (23 weeks’ gestation).3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14.,

METHODS

The details of the Canadian Perinatal Network (CPN) have been published previously.46 The mandate of the CPN is to focus on the maternal and perinatal outcomes and the optimal management of threatened very preterm birth at 22 + 0 weeks to 28 + 6 weeks of gestation. The CPN includes admissions to 16 of 23 tertiary perinatal units across Canada from August 1, 2005, to March 31, 2011.

Inclusion criteria for the CPN were women admitted between 22 + 0 weeks and 28 + 6 weeks of gestation inclusive to a

RESULTS

The tertiary centres in the study included all geographic regions (6 Western centres, 8 Ontario/Quebec centres, 2 Atlantic centres), with annual delivery rates of  5000 deliveries/year in six centres, 4000 to 4999 deliveries/ year in two centres, 3000 to 3999 deliveries/year in five centres, and 2000 to 2999 deliveries/year in three centres. A total of 248 women and 287 infants were included in this study. The maternal characteristics of these women are summarized in Table 1. Almost one in five

DISCUSSION

Previous research on extreme preterm birth has focused on perinatal outcomes and not maternal outcomes.3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., 16., 17., 18., 19., 20., 21., 22., 23., 24., 25., 26., 27., 28., 29., 30., 31., 32., 33., 34., 35., 36., 37., 38., 39., 40., 41., 42., 43., 44., 45. We found a high rate of chorioamnionitis in our study cohort, based either on clinical diagnosis or on pathologic findings. In addition, we identified other serious maternal outcomes

CONCLUSION

Pregnant women delivering at 23 weeks’ gestation are at risk of morbidity. Their infants have high rates of serious morbidity and mortality, with only 10.1% in this cohort surviving to discharge from NICU and all survivors having one or more forms of neonatal morbidity. This low rate of survival may reflect a decision by some women and health care providers not to intervene, and does not necessarily reflect perinatal survival if the decision is made to provide active intrapartum intervention and

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    Competing Interests: None declared.

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