Melt segragation, pervasive melt migration and magma mobility in the continental crust: the structural record from pores to orogens

doi:10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00048-5

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy

Volume 26, Issues 4–5, April 2001, Pages 213-223

Physics and Chemistr...

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00048-5 Get rights and content

Abstract

Structural analysis of migmatites based on the distribution and proportion of the granitic fraction at the outcrop scale is taken as a guide to decipher the behavior of partially molten rocks during orogenesis. This approach evaluates the various mechanisms that control melt segregation and magma mobility from pores to orogens. During partial melting, the first liquid appears at grain interfaces but such textures are rarely preserved in igneous rocks. Mechanisms of melt movement are scale-dependent and it is important to distinguish melt segregation at grain-scale from melt migration which occurs over larger distances. Melt segregation is controlled by melt connectivity and ubiquitous localization of granites in structurally-controlled dilatant sites provides evidence of the efficiency of melt segregation at the outcrop scale, probably achieved by porous flow at the grain scale. Magma mobility is controlled by the continuity of the solid framework which controls the rheologic threshold at the transition from solid-dominated metatexites to liquid-dominated diatexites. The presence of laccoliths of homogeneous leucogranite, emplaced at higher structural levels far from their source, indicates the efficiency of melt migration beyond the grain scale. The transition zone between diatexites (melt source) and granitic laccoliths (melt sink) is characterized by a network of granitic veins centimeter- to meter-thick. The geometric characteristics of this network suggest that, depending on structural level and the competency contrast between liquid and solid, veins propagate by either channeled porous flow, ductile deformation or fracturing. The main driving forces for upward melt migration appear to be buoyancy and dilatancy; the characteristics of local and regional deformation control the patterns of the granitic vein networks. Partial melting and redistribution of melt and magma from segregation by percolation at the grain scale relayed by pervasive migration through vein networks, is associated with chemical differentiation and generation of new rheological layering of the orogenic crust.

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Crustal melting vs. fractionation of basaltic magmas: Part 1, granites and paradigms
2021, Lithos
Granitoids are a major component of the continental crust. They play a pivotal role in its evolution, either by adding new material (continental growth), or by reworking older continental crust. These two roles correspond to two main ways of forming granitic magmas, either by partial melting of pre-existing crustal rocks yielding granitic melts directly, or by fractionation of mantle-derived mafic to intermediate magmas. Both models represent endmembers, or paradigms that have shaped the way the geological community envisions granitoids, their occurrence, features, formation and meaning for crustal evolution and differentiation of the whole planet.
In this paper, we expose the two competing paradigms and their implications. We explore the evidence on which each model is based, and how each school of thought articulates a comprehensive view of granitic magmatism based on field geological, petrological, geochemical (including isotopes) and physical constraints; and how, in turn, each view shapes the thinking on crustal growth and evolution, and the interpretation of proxies such as age and Hf isotopic patterns in detrital zircon databases. We emphasize that both schools of thought build a different, but internally consistent view based on a large body of evidence, and we propose that each of them is, or has been, relevant to some portions of the Earth. Thus, the key question is not so much “which” model applies, but “where, when and to which extent”.
Petrogenetic links between rare metal-bearing pegmatites and TTG gneisses in the West African Craton: The Mangodara district of SW Burkina Faso
2021, Precambrian Research
We describe the geological context of rare metal-bearing pegmatites from the Mangodara district (South-West Burkina Faso, Paleoproterozoic West African Craton) and discuss their petrogenesis and links with the host rocks. The Mangodara district exposes a gneiss-granitoid complex structured in a regional-scale dome, mantled by granodioritic gneiss enclosing rafts of amphibolite, micaschist and paragneiss, and cored by tonalitic to trondhjemitic gneisses. These gneisses enclose granitoid plutons, and four populations of rare metal-bearing pegmatites: titanite-allanite-, apatite-zircon-, garnet-columbite (Li, Nb) and garnet-REE (Ti, Y, HREE)-bearing varieties.
Rafts of migmatitic amphibolite, micaschist and paragneiss are chemically equivalent to nearby Birimian greenstone belts. An origin of the gneiss-granitoid complex by partial melting is suggested by diffuse contacts of rafts with the gneisses as well as the presence of garnet-bearing or hornblende-bearing leucosome in paragneiss and in amphibolites, respectively. Textural continuity between pegmatites and granitic veins concordant to the foliation of the gneisses point to syntectonic segregation of the pegmatite-forming magmas.
The compositions of gneisses and plutonic rocks spread between a Na-rich pole and a K-rich pole. Granodioritic gneiss, hornblende-biotite granodiorite and potassic biotite granitoids define a K-rich series attributed to relatively low-pressure high-degree partial melting of dominantly paragneiss, which accounts for low to absent LILE and HFSE fractionation compared to the paragneiss. Tonalitic-trondhjemitic gneiss, a biotite trondhjemite and a peraluminous two-mica trondhjemite belong to a Na-rich series characterized by low K content and strong depletion in REE and HFSE, which might reflect plagioclase clustering after partial melting at a relatively high pressure of amphibolite, and fractionation of HFSE-REE-bearing minerals. Thermodynamic and mass balance modeling further corroborate these propositions implying that partial melting of paragneiss and amphibolite at about 5 to 10 kbars for a temperature of 780 to 850 °C followed by melt/solid segregation and fractional crystallization are susceptible to generate the Na- and K-rich series.
U-Pb dating of zircon from a titanite-allanite-bearing pegmatite at 2094.3 ± 8.8 Ma and of apatite from tonalitic-trondhjemitic gneiss, apatite-zircon-bearing pegmatite and granodioritic gneiss at 2094 ± 21 Ma, 2055 ± 20 Ma, and 2041 ± 33 Ma respectively, confirm that partial melting, melt segregation and crystallization-cooling occurred during the Eburnean orogeny.
Based on these data, we propose that (i) titanite-allanite- and apatite-zircon-bearing pegmatites result from syntectonic segregation of residual melt during crystallization of the tonalitic-trondhjemitic gneiss, (ii) garnet-columbite-bearing pegmatites originate from syntectonic melt segregation from the migmatitic paragneiss, and (iii) garnet-REE-bearing pegmatites derive from segregation of a residual melt within the granodioritic gneiss.
Anatomy and evolution of a migmatite-cored extensional metamorphic dome and interaction with syn-kinematic intrusions, the Mykonos-Delos-Rheneia MCC
2021, Journal of Geodynamics
Post-orogenic extension in back-arc regions is classically associated with metamorphic core complexes (MCCs) cored with exhumed metamorphic rocks and granitic intrusions interacting with low-angle detachments. When additional heat is provided by the advected asthenosphere below the extending region, for instance above slab tears, high-temperature migmatite-cored metamorphic domes and composite intrusions are emplaced whose geometry and kinematics of emplacement are controlled by regional extension and by detachments. The Cyclades Archipelago (Aegean Sea) hosts several such Miocene high-temperature MMCs intruded by Miocene granitoids, offering windows open on the interactions of intrusions with the Livada and Mykonos detachments, two branches of the North Cycladic Detachment System. Deformation associated with North Cycladic Detachment System has been described detailed on Mykonos based on a structural study of the deformation of the Mykonos pluton, but the high-temperature gneiss core of the MCC and the root zone of the intrusion have received little attention. Based on field surveys of the neighboring islands of Rheneia and Delos, we propose in this paper a new geological map and show that the locally migmatitic core of the MCC that extends from Rheneia to the Apollonia peninsula on Mykonos, is topped by a 500 m-thick low-angle shear zone, the Rheneia Shear Zone, coeval with the intrusion of a series of granitoids evolving from granodiorite to monzogranite. The Rheneia Shear Zone shows progressive flattening and shearing, with a constrictional component, during the intrusion of numerous fine-grained felsic dykes at various stages that are totally transposed to become parallel to the main regional foliation. The migmatitic core and the intrusion are intensely stretched with an E–W trending lineation and folds with axes parallel to the lineation. Structural compatibility between the migmatites and the intrusion show that the rheological parameters were not much different at the time of intrusion. The same deformation continued during cooling of the dome while new batches of granitic material intruded the colder gneiss. The granites show syn-kinematic stretching at the magmatic stage and after cooling, leading to full homoaxiality between the magmatic fabric and the mylonites below the Livada and Mykonos Detachment. From the stage of lower crustal partial melting and subsequent intrusion to mylonitization and formation of the brittle Mykonos detachment, deposition of the supra-detachment Miocene sediments and the late intrusion of baryte-iron dykes, the same kinematics is observed until a change in the stress regime some 9 Ma ago. The Mykonos-Delos-Rheneia MCC illustrates the continuous interactions between a detachment system and a growing pluton and how a discrete magmatic event can be influenced by long-term tectonics.
The role of accreted continental crust in the formation of granites within the Alpine style continental collision zone: Geochemical and geochronological constrains from leucogranites in the Çataldağ Metamorphic Core Complex (NW Turkey)
2020, Lithos
The recently discovered Çataldağ Metamorphic Core Complex (ÇMCC) of Eo-Oligocene age is situated in NW Turkey, which is a part of the Alpine collisional belt. The footwall of the ÇMCC consists of a granite-gneiss-migmatite complex (GGMC) with a domal structure. Here, we document new major-trace element geochemistry, Sr-Nd-Pb isotope characteristics and Ti-in-zircon thermometry data from granites and syn-plutonic mafic dykes that are connected to the gneiss-migmatite dome of ÇMCC, and discuss granitic melt evolution within the context of the syn-to post-collisional evolution of the western Anatolian orogenic crust. Granites of the GGMC include both peraluminous garnet-bearing leucogranite and two-mica granite that emplaced from 32 to 35 Ma. Both types of leucogranite are enriched in light rare earth elements (Rb, U, K, Pb) and depleted in HFSE (Nb, Ta, Zr, Ti). Their ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb initial isotope values range from 0.7094 to 0.7113, 18.79 to 18.91, and 15.71 to 15.73, respectively, and εNd₍₃₃₎ values vary between −5.13 and − 7.79. On the other hand, mafic dykes show similar isotopic characteristics (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr₍₃₃₎ = 0.7055, εNd₍₃₃₎ = −1.8 and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.8) to enriched mantle melts. Geochemical modelling shows that the granites have dominant crustal melt component (85–70%) and a minor mantle component (<30%). According to partial melting modelling and Ti-in-zircon thermometer calculations, granitic melt was formed by water-absent muscovite dehydration melting of a micaschist source (a melt fraction of max. 35%) at ≥7–10 kb and 739–840 °C. Whole rock geochemistry, isotopic characteristics and inherited zircon chronology, combined with the geology of the region, indicate that granitic melts were derived by partial melting of Anatolide-Tauride crustal units that were underthrusted below the Sakarya Continent along the İzmir-Ankara Suture Zone. On the other hand, the source of the syn plutonic mafic dykes emplaced in the core of the ÇMCC is inferred to derived from enriched mantle (EM II) that lay beneath the western Anatolian orogenic crust. We infer that partial melting and melt migration to produce leucogranites are most probably related to thermal weakening and partial removal of western Anatolian young orogenic lithosphere during the transitional phase between the latest phase of collision and the earliest phase of extension, in the Eo-Oligocene.
Cooling and deformation history of the Çataldağ Metamorphic Core Complex (NW Turkey)
2019, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
The Çataldağ Metamorphic Core Complex (ÇMCC) consists of the Latest Eocene-Early Oligocene (34–32 Ma) Turfaldag gneiss-migmatite complex (TGMC) and an Early Miocene (21 Ma) Çataldağ synkinematic pluton (ÇSP) which were exhumed as a dome-shaped core complex in the footwall of the Çataldağ Detachment Fault Zone (ÇDFZ) in the Early Miocene. Microstructural features of the Çataldağ Metamorphic Core Complex (ÇMCC) and a two-feldspar geothermometry were studied to understand the cooling and deformation mechanisms. Microtectonic analyses of the TGMC and ÇSP show that the quartz, feldspar, and mica minerals underwent continuous deformation from ductile to brittle conditions during cooling of the ÇMCC. Two main deformation zones were determined according to temperature and strain intensity: a ductile deformation zone (DZ) within the central zones of the TGMC and ÇSP, and a mylonitic zone (MZ) within the peripheral zones of the TGMC and ÇSP (close to the ÇDFZ). Within the ductile zone, K-feldspar displays microcline twinning, myrmekite along the K-feldspar megacryst and flame-shaped perthite, and quartz displays chessboard extinction, grain boundary migration, and sub-grain rotation recrystallisation. These microstructures indicate that deformation temperature reached about 600 °C. Under high strain intensity along the ÇDFZ, the DZ microstructures turn to MZ microstructures. In the MZ, protomylonitic gneiss and mylonitic schists show distinct foliation and their K-feldspar and micas display C-S structures. The feldspars show bulging recrystallisation, a feldspar-fish structure, and domino-type microfractures, while the quartz displays ribbon structures, indicating ductile-to-brittle deformation with temperatures ranging from 500 °C to <250 °C. Two-feldspar geothermometry yields deformation temperatures in the DZ of 501–588 °C (an average of 544 °C for the ÇSP and an average of 517 °C for the TGMC) consistent with the temperature estimated by the microstructural analysis. The mylonitic zone has lower deformation temperature values of 430–557 °C (an average of 484 °C for ÇSP and an average of 436 °C for TGMC). Thermochronology data display TGMC was cooled slowly (<50 °C/my) throughout the Eo-Oligocene and rapidly (>500 °C/my) along the ÇDFZ in the Early Miocene (21 Ma). The shear zone-controlled ÇSP was emplaced into shallow levels of the Anatolian extending crust, deformed progressively (ductile-to-brittle) along the ÇDFZ, and cooled rapidly (>500 °C/my) in the Early Miocene (21 Ma). Together, the microstructure, two-feldspar geothermometry and thermochronology data indicate that the TGMC and ÇSP, which were emplaced into different crustal levels and in different periods, suffered continuous ductile-to-brittle deformation and were exhumed together along the ÇDFZ during the Early Miocene under the N-S extensional regime in western Anatolia.
The geologic record of the exhumed root of the Central African Orogenic Belt in the central Cameroon domain (Mbé – Sassa-Mbersi region)
2019, Journal of African Earth Sciences
Citation Excerpt :
These conditions are consistent with those reported by previous investigations that yielded peak pressures at 1.3–1.4 GPa from conventional geothermobarometry (Bouyo et al., 2013). Following the criteria of the continuity of the syn-migmatitic foliation (Brown, 1973; Vanderhaeghe, 2001, 2009), these migmatitic paragneisses classify as metatexites and represent former partially molten rocks. Garnet porphyroblasts are typically surrounded by a quartzofeldspathic halo or are included in larger centimetre to decimetre size leucosome veins suggesting that garnet is a peritectic phase formed from biotite-dehydration melting in agreement with temperature estimates.
We present structural, petrological, geochemical and geochronological data compiled in a new geological map on the high-grade metamorphic rocks exposed in the Mbé – Sassa-Mbersi region located along the Tcholliré-Banyo Shear Zone, at the northern edge of the Central Cameroon domain.
The region exposes a complex assemblage of metabasic (hornblendite, metagabbro, amphibolite) and metasedimentary (garnet paragneiss, calc-silicate gneiss) rocks alternating with ubiquitous migmatitic intermediate to felsic gneisses. U-Pb ages on detrital zircon in paragneiss point to the contribution of Archean, Paleoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic sources, and suggest a maximum deposition age of 725 ± 12 Ma for their sedimentary protolith. The protolith of some amphibolites was emplaced during the Neoproterozoic as indicated by U–Pb ages on magmatic zircon at 600 ± 4 and 599 ± 6 Ma. Plutonic rocks with I-type chemical signatures were emplaced discontinuously over a period of ca. 80 Ma. The magmatic evolution started with the intrusion of magnesian medium-K tonalites and trondhjemites at 651 ± 3 Ma, followed by magnesian high-K hornblende-biotite granites and ferroan shoshonitic biotite granites until 599 ± 2 Ma. Finally, pegmatite dykes were emplaced along dextral shear zones at 573 ± 2 Ma. The metamorphic rocks show a penetrative shallow-dipping foliation partially to totally transposed in a NE–SW trending steep-dipping foliation bearing a shallow-dipping lineation. These ductile syn-migmatitic fabrics, developed under high-grade metamorphic conditions in the presence of melt, between the metamorphic peak at ca. 1.3 GPa–770 °C, and the following isothermal decompression down to ca. 0.8 GPa. In situ U–Pb dating of metamorphic zircon rims from a garnet migmatitic paragneiss yields an age of 582 ± 4 Ma. Localization of high-grade deformation is indicated by the development of the Tcholliré-Banyo Shear Zone, characterized by mutually crosscutting subvertical and shallow-dipping mylonitic to ultramylonitic shear zones associated with sinistral and top-to-the SW kinematic criteria, respectively. These data indicate that the Central Cameroon domain exposed in the Mbé – Sassa-Mbersi region, represents the exhumed mid-to lower part of the former orogenic root of the Pan-African Central Africa Orogenic Belt that has undergone partial melting, lateral flow and intrusion of mafic to felsic calc-alkaline magmas between 650 and 580 Ma. The waning stage of the Pan-African orogeny is marked by the emplacement of syntectonic pegmatitic granite at ca. 575 Ma in subvertical E-W trending retrogressive dextral shear zones.

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Melt segragation, pervasive melt migration and magma mobility in the continental crust: the structural record from pores to orogens

Abstract

Tectonophysics

Tectonophysics

Lithos

Earth Science Reviews

J. Struct. Geol.

Journal of Structural Geology

Tectonophysics

J. Struct. Geol.

Tectonophysics

J. Struct. Geol.

Tectonophysics

Tectonophysics

E. Planet. Sci. Lett.

Phys. Chem. Earth (A)

Tectonophysics

Tectonophysics

Tectonophysics

Tectonophysics

Lithos

Tectonophysics

Granitoids : main petrogenetic classifications in relation to origin and tectonic setting

Geol. J.

Calculation of the density and thermal expansion coefficient of silicate liquids

Bull. Minéralo.

Submagmatic microfractures in granites

Geology

The definition of metatexis, diatexis and migmatite

Proceedings of the Geological Association

P-T-t evolution of orogenic belts and the causes of regional metamorphism

Journal of the Geological Society of London

Melt segregation in migmatites

J. Geophys. Res.

The role of deformation in the movement of granitic melt: views from the laboratory and the field

Topology of syntectonic melt-flow networks in the deep crust: Inferences from three-dimensional images of leucosome geometry in migmatites

American Mineralogist

Mechanical and thermodynamic constraints of fluid distribution in partial melts

J. Geophys. Res.

Two contrasting granite types

Pacific Geol.

The granulite-granite connexion

Constraints on melting and magma production in the crust

E. Planet. Sci. Letters

Pervasive granitoid magma transfer through the lower-middle crust during non-coaxial compressional deformation

J. Metam. Geol.

Lower crustal rejuvenation and crustal growth during post-thickening collapse: Insights from a crustal cross section through a metamorphic core complex

Geology

Experimental deformation of partially melted granitic aggregates

J. Metam. Geol.

Some thermal and tectonic models for crustal melting in continental collision zones

Geol. Soc. Spec. Pub.

Experimental melting of biotite + quartz + muscovite assemblages and implication for crustal melting

J. Geophys. Res.

Correction and Addition to “The Solid-State flow of polymineralic Rocks”

Journal of Geophysical Research

The petrology of a migmatite

Neues Jahrbuch Mineralogie Abh.

The thermal structure of collisional orogens as a response to accretion, erosion, and radiogenic heating

J. Geophys. Res.

Geochemical constraints on leucogranite magmatism in the Langstang Valley, Nepal Himalaya

J. Petrol.

The significance of experimental studies for the formation of migmatites