Drug delivery therapies II.: Strategies for delivering bone regenerating factors
Section snippets
General overview
The basic requirements for bone-tissue-engineering scaffolds are also valid for delivery systems of bone-regenerating factors, since they are basically both biomaterials. In particular, where the bioactive agent is loaded into the scaffold, all the requirements are applicable, but additional features are crucial in order for it to be possible to design a system where controlled delivery is achieved in terms of kinetics and site-specificity. The carrier should be biochemically inert with respect
Protein therapy
In the protein therapy approach, the growth factor is delivered to the site via an implantable or injectable carrier matrix [10]. There are two main approaches that should be discussed. First, the administration of growth factor alone encapsulated or entrapped, for instance in micro or nanospheres, and then simply injected at the site of regeneration. Second, incorporation of the growth factor in the scaffold, and this can be achieved by several different means in a number of scaffolds. The
Cell therapy
Since the implantation of living cells was first shown to be capable of delivering insulin to diabetic rats [94], [95], [96], [97], much progress has been made in the area of cell encapsulation technology. Potential applications of encapsulation technology include functional replacement of major organs such as the pancreas or liver as well as transplantation of cells for gene therapy. Cell therapy can be considered an ex vivo therapy, as the gene encoding for the therapeutic protein is
Gene therapy
The advent of the genetic era gave a new subject of study for the drug delivery research field. Now the controlled release field is facing a new challenge: a new concept of therapy, called gene therapy, that is a promising approach to disease management [106].
Gene therapy is a strategy in which nucleic acids, usually in the form of DNA, are transferred to somatic (non-sexual) cells, which results in a therapeutic effect by correcting genetic defects or by expressing therapeutically useful
Future guidelines and concluding remarks
In the regeneration of tissues, a variety of growth factors act on cells, forming a complex system involving timing, site and concentration. Clearly, the mechanism for living systems will be clarified with advances in cell biology, molecular biology and embryology. This clarification will help us to understand which growth factors are key in tissue regeneration.
Once the right stimulus is given, the intact system of the body will start to function, resulting in the accomplishment of tissue
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A comparison between pure active pharmaceutical ingredients and therapeutic deep eutectic solvents: Solubility and permeability studies
2017, European Journal of Pharmaceutics and BiopharmaceuticsCitation Excerpt :On the other hand, the manipulation of the physical and/or morphological properties of the API itself, for instance micronization of the powders may also contribute to the enhancement of drug dissolution and permeability [5]. Other strategies involve the preparation of more complex systems, such as suitable delivery systems and the design of new carriers [6–8]. Cherukuvada and coworkers reviewed the potential use of eutectics as improved pharmaceutical formulations [9].
Supercritical fluid assisted process for the generation of cellulose acetate loaded structures, potentially useful for tissue engineering applications
2016, Materials Science and Engineering CCitation Excerpt :Several studies on tissue engineering (TE) have been recently focused on the generation of structures loaded with bioactive molecules with the aim of controlling the cellular function and/or of acting on the host tissues [1–2].
FEM modeling of the reinforcement mechanism of Hydroxyapatite in PLLA scaffolds produced by supercritical drying, for Tissue Engineering applications
2015, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical MaterialsCitation Excerpt :One of the crucial steps in Tissue Engineering (TE) is the scaffold fabrication to be used as a temporary support for human cells during the formation of the new tissue. Several engineered tissues can be produced starting from nanoporous degradable polymeric scaffolds that contain additives such as ceramics (for example, Hydroxyapatite), bioactive molecules (for example, growth factors) or drugs (anti-inflammatory agents or antibiotics) (Cardea et al., 2014; Malafaya et al., 2002a, 2002b). The first important parameter for loaded scaffolds fabrication is the selection of materials.
Multifunctional scaffolds for bone tissue engineering and in situ drug delivery
2014, Tissue Engineering Using Ceramics and Polymers: Second EditionStrategies for controlled delivery of growth factors and cells for bone regeneration
2012, Advanced Drug Delivery ReviewsCitation Excerpt :In addition, the carrier system and its soluble byproducts should also be biocompatible and noncytotoxic as to prevent premature clearance and/or adverse local tissue responses which may lead to delayed wound healing. While there have been many investigations in regard to the material, configuration and processing of carriers, the main challenge lies in balancing the design elements to preserve the essential functions for successful delivery [14]. The carrier must retain proteolytic protection without interfering with the bioactivity and spatiotemporal dosing of encapsulated molecules and biological function of the local microenvironment.
Enzymatically crosslinked carboxymethyl-chitosan/gelatin/nano- hydroxyapatite injectable gels for in situ bone tissue engineering application
2011, Materials Science and Engineering CCitation Excerpt :In recent years injectable hydrogel have gained importance in orthopedic research because of their potential to minimize surgical invasiveness [1,2].