Drug delivery therapies II.: Strategies for delivering bone regenerating factors

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General overview

The basic requirements for bone-tissue-engineering scaffolds are also valid for delivery systems of bone-regenerating factors, since they are basically both biomaterials. In particular, where the bioactive agent is loaded into the scaffold, all the requirements are applicable, but additional features are crucial in order for it to be possible to design a system where controlled delivery is achieved in terms of kinetics and site-specificity. The carrier should be biochemically inert with respect

Protein therapy

In the protein therapy approach, the growth factor is delivered to the site via an implantable or injectable carrier matrix [10]. There are two main approaches that should be discussed. First, the administration of growth factor alone encapsulated or entrapped, for instance in micro or nanospheres, and then simply injected at the site of regeneration. Second, incorporation of the growth factor in the scaffold, and this can be achieved by several different means in a number of scaffolds. The

Cell therapy

Since the implantation of living cells was first shown to be capable of delivering insulin to diabetic rats [94], [95], [96], [97], much progress has been made in the area of cell encapsulation technology. Potential applications of encapsulation technology include functional replacement of major organs such as the pancreas or liver as well as transplantation of cells for gene therapy. Cell therapy can be considered an ex vivo therapy, as the gene encoding for the therapeutic protein is

Gene therapy

The advent of the genetic era gave a new subject of study for the drug delivery research field. Now the controlled release field is facing a new challenge: a new concept of therapy, called gene therapy, that is a promising approach to disease management [106].

Gene therapy is a strategy in which nucleic acids, usually in the form of DNA, are transferred to somatic (non-sexual) cells, which results in a therapeutic effect by correcting genetic defects or by expressing therapeutically useful

Future guidelines and concluding remarks

In the regeneration of tissues, a variety of growth factors act on cells, forming a complex system involving timing, site and concentration. Clearly, the mechanism for living systems will be clarified with advances in cell biology, molecular biology and embryology. This clarification will help us to understand which growth factors are key in tissue regeneration.

Once the right stimulus is given, the intact system of the body will start to function, resulting in the accomplishment of tissue

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