Mémoire
Diagnostic préopératoire des anses de seau méniscales : valeur des critères cliniques, arthro-TDM et IRM: À propos d’une série de 33 cas confirmés par arthroscopiePre-operative diagnosis of bucket-handle meniscal tears: clinical evaluation and value of arthroscan and MRI radiological criteria

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Résumé

L’objectif de cette étude était d’analyser la pertinence des signes cliniques et l’apport des nouvelles modalités d’imagerie en coupe (arthro-TDM et IRM) pour le diagnostic préopératoire d’un type de lésions méniscales longitudinales dites en anse de seau. Il s’agit d’une série rétrospective de 33 lésions méniscales en anse de seau confirmées arthroscopiquement, ayant bénéficié d’un bilan préopératoire comportant une arthrographie et/ou un arthro-TDM et/ou une IRM. Les examens ont été relus par 2 radiologues seniors en consensus. Les principaux signes cliniques recherchés étaient des antécédents de blocage typique et l’existence d’un flessum préopératoire. Les signes radiologiques étudiés correspondaient à la visualisation du fragment déplacé, en coupe coronale (fragment dans l’échancrure) ou sagittale (mégacorne antérieure, double LCP, signe du serpent). Les antécédents de blocage typique étaient retrouvés 14 fois et un flessum 15 fois. Seuls 10 patients présentaient l’association évocatrice « blocage + flessum ». Le diagnostic positif de lésion méniscale en anse de seau était porté en IRM (13/15), en arthro-TDM (6/7) et en arthrographie (10/24), soit une sensibilité équivalente pour les 2 techniques d’imagerie en coupe. Le signe du fragment dans l’échancrure en coupe coronale est un signe constant. Le signe du double LCP est un signe sensible pour les lésions du ménisque médial et pour les lésions du ménisque latéral en cas de rupture associée du LCA. 9 patients avaient eu plusieurs examens (n = 2 ou 3) et aucun faux négatif n’était retrouvé dans ce groupe. Dans 9 cas, le diagnostic d’anse de seau n’avait pas été porté (Arthrographie : n = 7 ; IRM : n = 2). Dans ces cas, on peut incriminer l’étroitesse du fragment méniscal et parfois le délai entre le bilan et l’arthroscopie.

Abstract

Purpose of the study

It is important for both the patient and the surgeon to determine whether a meniscal lesion can be repaired before undertaking surgery. The purpose of this study was to examine the pertinence of clinical signs and determine the value of imaging findings for the preoperative diagnosis of bucket-handle meniscal tears. This preliminary study was conducted before undertaking an analysis of preoperative criteria of reparability in a homogeneous group of meniscal lesions.

Material and methods

This retrospective series included 33 arthroscopically-proven bucket-handle meniscal tears in patients who underwent arthrography and/or arthroscan and/or MRI preoperatively. The images were reviewed by two senior radiologists who established a consensus diagnosis. Clinically, the type of blockage and the presence of permanent flexion before surgery were noted. The following items were noted on the imaging results: fragment displacement (fragment in the notch on the coronal slice) anterior megahorn, double PCL, and serpent sign on the sagittal slice. Longitudinal, transversal extension and position of the bucket-handle were noted. We searched for correlations with the intraoperative findings.

Results

Fourteen patients had a history of knee blocking and 15 had permanent flexion before surgery. Only 10 patients had the typical association of blocking and flexion. Certain diagnosis of bucket-handle meniscal tear was provided by MRI (13/15), arthroscan (6/7), and arthrography (10/24) giving an equivalent sensitivity for the two slice imaging techniques. The sign of a fragment in the notch on the coronal slice was a constant finding. The double PCL sign was sensitive for medial meniscal tears and for lateral meniscal tears with associated ACL tears. The diagnosis was successfully established in all 9 patients who underwent several explorations (2 or 3). Buckle-handle meniscal tear was not identified in 9 patients (arthrography 7, MRI 2).

Discussion

Our findings demonstrate that the preoperative diagnosis of bucket-handle meniscal tears cannot be properly established on clinical criteria of typical blocking and/or permanent flexion. They confirm that arthrography is not contributive to diagnosis and that the absence of a slice image is detrimental to diagnosis. The sensitivity of the two slice imaging methods was similar. The key sign was the presence of a fragment in the notch on the coronal slice; in the three cases where this sign was absent, the reason was found to be the small size of the displaced fragment (resolution limit) and time between imaging and arthroscopy. The characteristic features of the bucket-handle lesions observed in this series are exactly the same as reported in earlier reports but to our knowledge provide the first data on comparative performance of arthroscan and MRI.

Conclusion

The noninvasive nature of MRI and the possibility of assessing the meniscal wall and the quality of the meniscal tissue make MRI the exploration of choice for preoperative assessment of meniscal tears.

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