Mass transfer characteristics in a large-scale slurry bubble column reactor with organic liquid mixtures
Introduction
Slurry bubble column reactors (SBCRs) are used in a wide spectrum of industrial processes, including syngas conversion to fuels and chemicals, heavy oil upgrading, and coal liquefaction (Stolojanu & Prakash, 1997; Fan, 1989; Ishibashi et al., 2001). These reactors are becoming more popular and gradually replacing fixed bed reactors in several important industrial applications, such as the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. This is due to their numerous advantages, including ability of handling high slurry concentrations of fine particles, good interphase mass transfer rates at low energy input, high selectivity and conversion per pass, better temperature control (isothermal operation), high online factor and simple construction (Inga & Morsi, 1999; Gandhi, Prakash, & Bergougnou, 1999).
The design and scale-up of SBCRs require, among others, precise knowledge of the kinetics (reaction rate constants, order of the reaction with respect to all reactants and products), thermodynamics (solubilities of the gases into liquids, equilibrium rate constants), hydrodynamics (pressure drop, gas, liquid, and catalyst holdups and distributions), and heat as well as mass transfer characteristics (mass and heat transfer coefficients, interfacial areas) (Inga and Morsi 1997, Inga and Morsi 1999). Some experimental data on the kinetics and hydrodynamics of SBCRs can be found in the literature, however, only few studies are available on the mass transfer characteristics for organic liquids in large-scale reactors as can be seen in Table 1. In these studies, the effects of a number of operating variables, including solid concentration, system pressure, liquid viscosity, and liquid surface tension on the gas holdup (εG) and the mass transfer coefficient (kLa) were investigated. Krishna, de Swart, Ellenberg, Martina, and Maretto (1997), Kojima, Anjyo, and Mochizuki (1986), and Inga and Morsi (1999) reported that increasing solid particles concentration appeared to decrease the gas holdup by increasing the coalescence tendency of the gas bubbles. Quicker, Schumpe, and Deckwer (1984) and Schumpe, Saxena, and Fang (1987) found that kLa values increase with fine solid particles at low concentrations, whereas the gas–liquid interfacial area decreases with increasing solid concentrations. Dewes, Kuksal, and Schumpe (1995), observed an increase of kLa values with pressure (from 0.1 to ) due to the increase of the gas–liquid interfacial area. These authors reported that the gas holdup and the gas–liquid interfacial area slightly decrease with the addition of up to glass particles and that kL at was greater in the slurry system than in the gas/liquid system, containing no solids. Fukuma et al. (1987) used up to glass beads and observed that kL values are proportional to the volume-surface mean bubble diameter and decrease with liquid viscosity, μL. Muller and Davidson (1995) studied the effect of surfactants on the mass transfer in a viscous liquid and found an increase of kLa values with the addition of surfactants. They attributed a 60–75% of this increase to the presence of small gas bubbles created in the system. Koide, Takazawa, Komura, and Matsunaga (1984) studied εG and kLa in the transition and heterogeneous flow regimes and reported that their values in both regimes decrease with increasing solid concentration. They also observed that this decrease was more pronounced in the transition regime than in the heterogeneous flow regime.
A number of correlations available in the literature for predicting kLa values under different conditions are listed in Table 2 and as can be seen most of these correlations were developed under ambient conditions, using air/water system in the absence of solid particles. These conditions, unfortunately, are not typical of those employed in various important industrial applications, where organic liquids and high solid concentrations are usually used to achieve high reaction rates. Thus, in order to understand the behavior of industrial SBCRs, the hydrodynamic and heat as well as mass transfer characteristics should be obtained in a wide range of operating variables typical to industrial applications, using large-scale reactors.
This study presents some experimental data on the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa), and bubbles size distribution obtained for four gases (H2, CO, N2, and CH4) in two different organic liquid mixtures (hexanes mixture and Isopar-M). These data were measured in a large-scale SBCR (, 2.8-m high), in the presence and absence of two different solid particles (iron oxides catalyst and glass beads). The effects of pressure, superficial gas velocity, and solid concentration on kLa and bubbles size distribution were investigated and empirical as well as statistical correlations of the experimental data were developed.
Section snippets
Experimental setup
A schematic diagram of the SBCR used in this study is shown in Fig. 1. The reactor is 0.316-m diameter and 2.8-m height similar to that used by Inga and Morsi (1999). Several pressure transducers and thermocouples are provided on both the supply vessel and reactor in order to allow building a mass balance on the entire system. The gas is recycled through the system using a double-acting, single-stage, air-driven compressor, (model 8 AGD-1), manufactured by Haskel Inc., USA. A damper vessel is
Calculation procedures
The following assumptions were made for the gas solubility, and kLa calculations:
- 1.
In the reactor, the behavior of the gas–liquid systems used was ideal. The operating conditions used justified such an assumption, since the temperature was low and the pressure was not very high ( maximum). Thus, the ideal gas law was applicable to calculate the number of moles of gas absorbed in the liquid or slurry under the operating conditions employed.
- 2.
In the supply vessel, the behavior of the gas was
Gas solubility,
The solubilities of H2, N2, CO and CH4 in the SBCR were calculated using the material balance and the equilibrium thermodynamic conditions after the absorption had been completed. In this study, these values were obtained in the absence and presence of solid particles under room temperature in a stirred reactor to insure better temperature and pressure control and more accurate liquid volume. A comparison between values obtained in the stirred reactor and those in the SBCR were in very good
Conclusions
The kLa and bubble size distribution were measured in a large-scale SBCR for H2, CO, N2 and CH4 in two organic liquid mixtures in the presence and absence of iron oxides catalyst and glass beads. The effects of superficial gas velocity, pressure, and solid concentration on the mass transfer parameters were investigated and kLa values were empirically as well as statistically correlated.
The data showed that kLa values increase with pressure and gas velocity and dramatically decrease with
Notation
a gas–liquid interfacial area per unit liquid (solid free), constants of the statistical correlations, , solubility of the gas at equilibrium, concentration of the gas in the liquid bulk, average solid concentration in gas-free slurry, , volumetric solid concentration, vol% concentration of solid in the slurry, wt% Sauter-mean bubble diameter, m diffusivity of gas in the liquid, bubble diameter, m diameter of the column, m liquid
Acknowledgements
Partial support of this research by Exxon Research and Engineering Company is gratefully acknowledged. The authors wish to thank SASTECH, Sasol Group of Companies (South Africa) for providing the iron oxides catalyst.
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