Optimized sizing of a standalone PV-wind-hydropower station with pumped-storage installation hybrid energy system
Introduction
As society and economy have developed, the demand for living quality in developing countries has gradually increased. This has led to more attention to environmental pollution. Renewable energy, as clean energy, can replace fossil fuels which cause severe pollution and are a non-renewable resource, to generate enough electricity to meet the demand of people for daily life and social development [1]. Nowadays, the global use of renewables shows a large increasing trend. Renewable Capacity Statistics 2018 reports [2]: at the end of 2017, the global renewable energy generation capacity reached 2179 GW. Hydro took up the largest share with 1152 GW. The installed capacity of PV and wind energy was 514 GW and 397 GW respectively. Remaining renewable energy resources included biomass, geothermal and tidal power. Wind power has developed rapidly in recent years and become the second largest renewable energy source [3,4]. In some remote areas, renewable energy sources (wind, solar and water) are relatively plentiful, and the national grid has not extended to these areas. Building a standalone hybrid energy system is a significant move to fulfill the local load demand.
In recent years, researchers have conducted in-depth studies on the planning and operation of various standalone hybrid energy systems with pumped hydro storage [5,6]. The optimum sizing of the wind farm combined with pumped hydro storage (PHS) is investigated on Lesbos Island on the Aegean Sea from investor's perspective and system perspective, the results indicate the increase of renewable energy source penetration level can lead to the reduction on levelized cost of energy in an island system with a high generating cost [7]. Similar studies on Wind-PHS hybrid energy system have also been analyzed for Brazil [8] and Kenya [9]. The concept of integrating PV into the PHS have also been investigated in several literatures [10,11]. In Ref. [12], the goal is to choose the sizes of each component of a PV-pumped hydro energy storage system and the sizing of the PV plant by means of particle swarm optimization (PSO) to minimize the costs, the results indicate the low cost of diesel oil leads to a large use of internal combustion engine instead of PV arrays. The idea of optimal sizing of a utility-scale PV installation with hydropower is analyzed and the results show that this is a feasible method through which PV power can be integrated into a pumped-storage system more smoothly [13]. Besides, the research of coupling both of them into the PSH has been considered in Refs. [14,15]. The authors conduct system sizing, simulation and optimization and indicate that a PV-Wind-PHS hybrid energy system is more cost-effective than a WT-PHS hybrid energy system since PV and wind power can be complementary on a temporal scale [16], compared to their previous work [11]. Through extensive literature review, we find that few literatures consider the water level change of the upper reservoir at each hour [17] and the efficiency change of the variable speed pump and water turbine under different operation condition [18], which may cause inaccurate optimized sizing of the hybrid renewable energy system.
For the planning optimization problems, multi-objective technique is usually adopted since the planners need to take full account of many factors, such as investment cost, reliability, environment. However, these factors usually are conflicting objectives, it is impossible to make all these objectives optimal simultaneously. The Pareto fronts are usually employed to analyze and discuss the relationship between these conflicting objectives which provides a set of optimal solutions. Plenty of studies have been conducted on the multi-objective scheduling and planning optimization [[19], [20], [21], [22], [23]]. An improved MOPSO algorithm is proposed in Ref. [19] to schedule hydro-thermal-wind with electric vehicles. The two objectives of this paper are generation cost and emission [20]. uses Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm to smooth power output process and total amount of annual power generation in Longyangxia hydro/PV hybrid power system which is a bi-objective optimization problem. Three objectives, which are energetic, environmental and economic, are considered to design a desalination system based on the genetic algorithm [21]. The paper uses 3-dimensional and 2-dimensinal Pareto frontiers to investigate the three objectives. The techno-economic criterion is widely used to design the hybrid renewable energy system which is a bi-objective optimization problem [11,24,25]. The two objectives of the cost of electricity and the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) are analyzed in Ref. [24] using multi-objective self-adaptive differential evolution, the results give a set of planning solutions for the PV/wind/diesel hybrid microgrid system. A techno-economic optimization is conducted in Ref. [11] to investigate a standalone PV-PHS hybrid energy system which uses Pareto front to analyze the two objectives (LPSP and LCOE). However, these literature does not consider the curtailment of the renewable energy at the stage of planning.
In China, some policies have been regulated to restrict the curtailment of renewable energy such as wind power, solar power and hydro power [26]. The research of this paper is based on a real project which is located in Xiaojin, Sichuan, China. In the project, the CR should be considered due to policy requirement. According to the National Energy Administration of China, the curtailment rate of the wind power and PV power are 12% (36.684 TWh) and 6% (7.092 TWh) respectively at the end of 2017 [27] which is a considerable waste. Plenty of studies have investigated the benefits of PHS in reducing the curtailment of the wind power. The investment and operation cost is analyzed by coupling different capacities of PHS into the 10 GW wind power in Jiangsu, China [28]. The obvious results can be obtained which reveal that the curtailment of wind power decreases as the capacity of PHS increases. A similar study can be found in Irish, the authors examines the advantage of the PHS in a power system with high wind penetration in Irish power system [29]. The results indicate that the additional capital costs of PHS can be justified by the reduction in the wind curtailment at a higher penetration of wind power. Due to the policy requirements, the curtailment rate of the wind and solar power is now an important issue in some countries, such as China. Therefore, it is important to take the curtailment rate of renewable energy into the techno-economic analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to design a standalone hybrid renewable energy system considering the curtailment rate. For the planning optimization, PSO is applied more frequently instead of GA which performs better to find the optimal solution [30,31]. Therefore, the MOPSO is used to find the Pareto front which is a method based on PSO.
The contributions of this paper are:
- (1)
This work investigates the potential of PV-wind-HSPSI hybrid energy system application with a real situation at Xiaojin, Sichuan, China as case of study. (2) Due to the policy requirements, the curtailment rate of the wind and solar power is introduced to design and analyze the standalone PV-wind-HSPSI hybrid energy system based on the techno-economic index. (3) The MOPSO is used to implement the simulation analysis of bi-objective optimization and its favorable performance is proved by comparing with weighted sum approach using HV. (4) The water level change of the upper reservoir at each hour is considered in the HSPSI models, as well as the efficiency changes of the variable speed pump and water turbine under different operation condition are taken into consideration.
The following sections are organized as follows. Section 2 analyzes the model of each component of the PV-Wind-HSPSI hybrid system. The objective function (techno-economic) and optimization algorithm are discussed in section 3, the model of calculating the curtailment rate of the wind and PV power are presented in this section. Section 4 presents the data used in this paper and the simulation results through single-objective analysis, bi-objective analysis without/with considering the curtailment rate. Section 5 summarizes the full paper.
Section snippets
Models
The research investigates the potential of a PV-wind-HSPSI hybrid energy system application in Xiaojin, Sichuan, China (latitude: 30.76477°, longitude: 102.11929°) as case of study. The studied area, as marked in Fig. 1, is located in the plateau with relatively flat terrain and open view. This work gives a deep techno-economic analysis on which configuration could be the best potential investment choice in Xiaojin, Sichuan, China. The hybrid energy system includes wind turbines, PV arrays,
Techno-economic model
A techno-economic model as objective function is used to optimize the component configuration including the number of the PV panel and wind turbines , the capacities of the water turbine (MW) and the variable-speed pump (MW), and the sizing of the upper reservoir . Reliability and cost are the two key evaluation indexes in the planning stage of the PV-wind-HSPSI hybrid energy system. The best performing PV-wind-HSPSI hybrid system is the one with the maximum reliability
Data
Each component needs to be designed in PV-wind-HSPSI hybrid system, the specification of a PV panel and an individual wind turbine are 200 W/unit and 250 kW/unit, respectively. Table 2 presents the initial capital cost, annual operating and maintenance cost, replacement cost and lifetime of each component (water turbine, variable-speed pump and upper reservoir [16], wind turbine [36], PV array [46]). Due to the lack of data on operating and maintenance cost, it is assumed that the operating and
Conclusions
This paper investigates a real PV-wind-HSPSI hybrid energy system for off-grid power supply in Xiaojin, Sichuan, China. Based on the techno-economic index, the curtailment rate of the wind and PV power is introduced to design the PV-wind-HSPSI hybrid energy system. In the simulation of the single-objective optimization (LPSP set to zero), an optimal configuration can be obtained in a few iterations of MOPSO. Comparing undersized and oversized configurations for the wind-PV-HSPSI hybrid system,
Funding
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFB0905200).
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