Elsevier

Journal of Biotechnology

Volume 192, Part A, 20 December 2014, Pages 265-267
Journal of Biotechnology

Short communication
The intracellular proton gradient enables anaerobic ammonia oxidizing (anammox) bacteria to tolerate NO2 inhibition

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.10.032Get rights and content

Highlights

  • Nitrite inhibition of anammox is influenced by an intracellular proton motive force.

  • Application of uncouplers in resting conditions enhances NO2 toxicity on anammox.

  • CCCP is more effective than 2,4, DNP in dissipating the proton motive force.

Abstract

Anammox bacteria are inhibited by nitrite, which is one of their substrates. By utilizing 2,4 dinitrophenol and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, two uncouplers of respiration, we demonstrate that nitrite tolerance of anammox cells is strongly dependent on their ability to maintain a proton gradient, which may be the driving force for active nitrite transport system.

Section snippets

Acknowledgments

This work has been supported by the University of Arizona Water Sustainability Program, and by the National Science Foundation (under Contract CBET-1234211).

References (16)

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    Additionally, the salinity could affect NO2− transport by impacting the energy conservation system. For FAB, NO2− active transport was most likely to be relied on proton motive force (PMF) (Carvajal-Arroyo et al., 2014); while MAB relied on sodium motive force (SMF) (Wu et al., 2019). A proteome analysis suggested Ca.

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    The tolerance of Anammox bacteria to nitrite also depends on the operational conditions. It has been reported that nitrite inhibitory effect was enhanced when nitrite exposure took place in the absence of ammonium (Carvajal-Arroyo et al., 2014a), and by the application of pH values below 7.5 (Carvajal-Arroyo et al., 2014b), which may be because of the dramatic increase of free nitrous acid (FNA, un-ionized form of nitrite) (Fernandez et al., 2012; He et al., 2016). In general, FAB attached on carriers/biofilms have much higher nitrite/salinity tolerance than suspended biomass; biomass running in continuous operating reactor has higher nitrite/salinity tolerance than batch test or SBR system.

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    The availability of nitrite actually causes toxicity in the absence of ammonium (Lotti et al., 2012). Normally, during active metabolism, the anammox reaction contributes to the continuous removal of nitrite, which prevents its accumulation inside the putative sensitive region of the anammox cells (Carvajal-Arroyo et al., 2014a). However, in the absence of ammonium, the consumption of nitrite does not take place, and therefore, it starts to accumulate in the putative sensitive region of the anammox cells that carry out the anammox reaction (Lotti et al., 2012).

  • Long-term operation performance and variation of substrate tolerance ability in an anammox attached film expanded bed (AAFEB) reactor

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    The impairment of nitrite tolerance ability under the conditions of the absence of ammonium and the application of lower pH values was shown in some previous investigations (Carvajal-Arroyo et al., 2014b; Lotti et al., 2012). Carvajal-Arroyo et al. (2014a) indicated that the nitrite tolerance ability of anammox cells strongly depends on their ability to maintain an intracellular proton gradient since the intracellular proton motive force (PMF) was considered responsible for the energy generation in anammox bacteria. Additionally, starvation may decrease the PMF for the generation of ATP, which hinders the proper functioning of active transport proteins such as NirC and NarK that may actively pump toxic nitrite out of the sensitive region of the cells to avoid inhibition (Carvajal-Arroyo et al., 2014c).

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