Leukocyte telomere length positively correlates with duration of lithium treatment in bipolar disorder patients
Introduction
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a disabling psychiatric illness characterized by alternating manic and depressive episodes, with a prevalence of 0.8–1.25 in the general population (Merikangas et al., 2007). Lithium is one of the most effective long-term treatments for BD. However, only 30% of patients treated with lithium present an excellent response with complete remission (Rybakowski, 2011). Despite many years of intensive research, the specific mechanisms by which lithium exerts its effects are not well understood. A large body of evidence has shown that lithium has neuroprotective effects through regulation of multiple signaling pathways (Rowe and Chuang, 2004). In particular, lithium has been reported to inhibit glycogen synthesis kinase-3β (GSK-3β) (Zhang et al., 2003), which, among others, is involved in apoptotic cell death (Beurel and Jope, 2006), and to up-regulate anti-apoptotic factors such as B-cell lymphoma protein-2 (Bcl-2), as well as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and β-catenin (Angelucci et al., 2000, Chen et al., 1999).
A recent study showed that long-term lithium treatment is associated with longer leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in BD (Martinsson et al., 2013). Even though several studies reported shorter telomeres in BD compared to healthy controls (Simon et al., 2006, Elvsåshagen et al., 2011, Rizzo et al., 2013, Lima et al., 2014), this finding has been put into question by a recent meta-analysis (Colpo et al., 2015). Nevertheless, BD seems to be associated with accelerated aging and cell senescence (Rizzo et al., 2014), a marker of which is telomere shortening. Interestingly, a recent study showed that lithium increases the expression of the gene codifying for the catalytic subunit of telomerase (hTERT) as well as its enzymatic activity in the hippocampus of a rat model of depression (Wei et al., 2015), further supporting the involvement of telomeres in mood disorders.
Telomeres consist of protective DNA-protein complexes containing TTAGGG tandem repeats located at the ends of chromosomes (Blackburn et al., 2006). This specialized end is crucial for integrity of the genome, preventing chromosome fusion and genomic instability (O׳Sullivan and Karlseder, 2010). In most human cells, telomere repeats progressively shorten after each round of DNA replication and when they become critically short cells stop dividing or die for apoptosis (Calado, 2009). Longer telomere length (TL) has been associated to better survival (Bakaysa et al., 2007), family history of longevity (Atzmon et al., 2010) and healthy ageing (Njajou et al., 2009). In contrast, shorter TL has been reported in psychological stress and in age-related disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (Salpea et al., 2010, Saliques et al., 2010). In proliferative tissues, such as in germ cells, activated lymphocytes, developing neurons and in adult progenitor cells in general, where TL is essential for prolonged persistence and genetic stability (Flores et al., 2006, Flores et al., 2008), telomere shortening is counteracted by telomerase, a specialized reverse transcriptase (Osterhage and Friedman, 2009). In the human central nervous system, telomerase is abundant in neural progenitor cells in the developing (Klapper et al., 2001; Cai et al., 2002) and adult brain (Caporaso et al., 2003). However, in the other human tissues, telomerase is normally not expressed and telomeres shorten with age.
The majority of studies investigating TL in psychiatric disorders have focused on leukocyte telomere length (LTL), as this is recognized as a valuable and easily accessible marker of cellular aging, and is correlated with TL in other somatic cells (Bodelon et al., 2014).
Considering the paucity of findings on the effect of lithium on telomere dynamics in BD, we carried out a study aimed to investigate (a) the effect of long-term lithium treatment on LTL in BD, (b) the potential difference in LTL between patients responding and not responding to lithium as well as the impact of other clinical modifiers on LTL, and, for the first time, (c) the effect of lithium treatment on the expression levels of the catalytic subunit of human telomerase (hTERT) in human neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs).
Section snippets
Sample
The sample comprised 200 patients with BD (Table 1) of Sardinian ancestry for at least four generations, recruited at the Lithium Clinic of the Clinical Psychopharmacology Centre of the University Hospital of Cagliari, Italy from 1993 to 2012. Diagnosis was carried out by trained clinical psychopharmacologists according to DSM-IV criteria and the Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia-LifetimeVersion (SADS-L) (Endicott and Spitzer, 1978). Age at onset, number of depressive, manic and
Results
The demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample are shown in Table 1. LTL correlated negatively with age (p=0.0002, Spearman׳s rho=−0.256) and was independent of sex (p>0.05). After correcting for age, LTL was not significantly different according to any of the tested variables. However, similarly to Martinsson and colleagues (2013), partial correlation analysis showed that LTL was positively correlated with lithium treatment duration in patients treated for more than two years (n
Discussion
In this study, we tested the correlation between lithium treatment and other clinical modifiers on LTL in BD patients characterized for lithium response. Similarly to a previous investigation (Martinsson et al., 2013), LTL was positively correlated with years of lithium treatment in patients treated for more than two years. This effect persisted even when correcting for the effect of other psychotropic medications. Our results add to the hypothesis that long-term lithium treatment exerts a
Role of funding source
Funding for this study was provided by Fondazione Banco di Sardegna (Italy). These funding sources had no further role in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication.
Contributors
Authors AS, CP, DC, RV and MDZ designed the study and wrote the protocol. Authors C. Chillotti, AB, GS and GB phenotyped the sample included in the study. Authors DC and CP managed the literature searches and analyses. Authors CP, PN, CM, PC and DF performed the laboratory experiments. Authors JPL and C. Cruceanu performed the experiments on neural precursors cells. Author GT coordinated the laboratory work at McGill Group for Suicide Studies. Authors CP and AS undertook the statistical
Conflict of interest
All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
Authors wish to thank Dr. Martin Alda and Nathan Corbett for helpful comments on this study.
References (46)
- et al.
Higher circulating levels of IGF-1 are associated with longer leukocyte telomere length in healthy subjects
Mech. Ageing Dev.
(2009) - et al.
The paradoxical pro- and anti-apoptotic actions of GSK3 in the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis signaling pathways
Prog. Neurobiol.
(2006) - et al.
Telomeres in molecular epidemiology studies
Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci.
(2014) - et al.
Properties of a fetal multipotent neural stem cell (NEP cell)
Dev. Biol.
(2002) - et al.
Telomerase activity in the subventricular zone of adult mice
Mol. Cell. Neurosci.
(2003) - et al.
Is bipolar disorder associated with accelerating aging? a meta-analysis of telomere length studies
J. Affect. Disord.
(2015) - et al.
The load of short telomeres is increased and associated with lifetime number of depressive episodes in bipolar II disorder
J. Affect. Disord.
(2011) - et al.
Emerging roles of insulin-like growth factor-I in the adult brain
Growth Horm. IGF Res.
(2007) - et al.
Telomerase regulation and stem cell behaviour
Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol.
(2006) - et al.
Chromosome end maintenance by telomerase
J. Biol. Chem.
(2009)
The theory of bipolar disorder as an illness of accelerated aging: implications for clinical care and research
Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.
Telomere length and cardiovascular disease
Arch. Cardiovasc. Dis.
Association of telomere length with type 2 diabetes, oxidative stress and UCP2 gene variation
Atherosclerosis
Telomere shortening and mood disorders: preliminary support for a chronic stress model of accelerated aging
Biol. Psychiatry
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) expression is up-regulated in lymphoblastoid cell lines of lithium responsive bipolar disorder patients
Pharmacol. Res.
Inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) in response to lithium. Evidence for autoregulation of GSK-3
J. Biol. Chem.
Lithium treatment alters brain concentrations of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in a rat model of depression
Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol.
Evolution in health and medicine Sackler colloquium: Genetic variation in human telomerase is associated with telomere length in Ashkenazi centenarians
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A.
Telomeres and endocrine dysfunction of the adrenal and GH/IGF-1 axes
Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)
Impartial comparative analysis of measurement of leukocyte telomere length/DNA content by Southern blots and qPCR
Nucleic Acids Res.
Telomere length predicts survival independent of genetic influences
Aging Cell.
Telomeres and telomerase: the path from maize, Tetrahymena and yeast to human cancer and aging
Nat. Med.
Telomeres and marrow failure, Hematology
Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program.
Cited by (0)
- 1
These authors contributed equally to this work.