Hydrothermal Synthesis
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2023, TalantaCitation Excerpt :In this method, the sealed container is used under subcritical or supercritical conditions of the solvent, and the hydrothermal synthesis method is usually performed below the supercritical temperature of water at 374 °C [59,62]. Also, this synthesis method is cheap and environment friendly, and can use waste with high carbon content as precursors to obtaining CDs with high purity, adaptable particle size, narrow size distribution, and controllable morphologies [59,63,64]. However, the hydrothermal method is also inherently risky, because it operates at high pressure and temperatures, and its use is limited by requiring expensive and complex reactors that consume a lot of energy [65].
Sonohydrothermal-assisted ZnS nanocrystals for improved structural, electronic, and optical properties: Experimental and ab initio methods
2022, Materials Science and Engineering: BCitation Excerpt :However, these approaches also have disadvantages such as low crystallinity and irregular structural morphology with unstable particle aggregation. Of the above-listed methods, the HT method has unique advantages over other synthesis methods—the ability to synthesize high-quality nanocrystals by controlling the experimental reaction parameters at high temperature and pressure with minimum loss of the precursors used in a closed, contamination-free environment [36]. However, sonochemical synthesis is also a unique ultrasound cavitation technique that generates hotspots with pressures exceeding 1000 atm, temperatures exceeding 5000 K, and heating and cooling rates of up to 1010 K/s [37].