Hydrothermal Synthesis

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Abstract

Hydrothermal synthesis is a process where crystalline powders, coatings, and single crystals can be obtained directly from the solution at relatively low temperatures. It enables one to have access to superior powder properties such as high purity, phase stability (stoichiometry) controlled particle size, and narrow size distribution as well as controllable morphologies. Therefore, hydrothermal synthesis can help researchers/manufacturers to overcome some of the technological challenges and help them to develop novel technologies for a sustainable growth.

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Cited by (16)

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    In this method, the sealed container is used under subcritical or supercritical conditions of the solvent, and the hydrothermal synthesis method is usually performed below the supercritical temperature of water at 374 °C [59,62]. Also, this synthesis method is cheap and environment friendly, and can use waste with high carbon content as precursors to obtaining CDs with high purity, adaptable particle size, narrow size distribution, and controllable morphologies [59,63,64]. However, the hydrothermal method is also inherently risky, because it operates at high pressure and temperatures, and its use is limited by requiring expensive and complex reactors that consume a lot of energy [65].

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