Chapter 18 - International Macro-Finance

We investigate conditions for endogenous incompleteness and completeness in continuous-time financial markets driven by diffusion processes with multiple consumption goods and heterogeneous agents. We show that for a class of utility functions the financial market is endogenously incomplete. A sufficient condition for market completeness is that the dividend diffusion matrix in units of the numeraire good is invertible. Further, financial market completeness can depend on the choice of the numeraire good since changing the numeraire good implies a change of the risk-free asset and the asset structure.

This paper analyzes the behavior of international capital flows by foreign and domestic agents, dubbed gross capital flows, over the business cycle and during financial crises. We show that gross capital flows are very large and volatile, especially relative to net capital flows. When foreigners invest in a country, domestic agents invest abroad, and vice versa. Gross capital flows are also pro-cyclical. During expansions, foreigners invest more domestically and domestic agents invest more abroad. During crises, total gross flows collapse and there is a retrenchment in both inflows by foreigners and outflows by domestic agents. These patterns hold for different types of capital flows and crises. This evidence sheds light on the sources of fluctuations driving capital flows and helps discriminate among existing theories. Our findings seem consistent with crises affecting domestic and foreign agents asymmetrically, as would be the case under the presence of sovereign risk or asymmetric information.