Hyperresponsiveness of the rat neuroendocrine system due to repeated exposure to stress
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Sensitization of restraint-induced corticosterone secretion after chronic restraint in rats: Involvement of 5-HT<inf>7</inf> receptors
2013, NeuropharmacologyCitation Excerpt :In contrast to the aforementioned observations, repeated exposure to more severe homotypic stressors may not only fail to induce habituation of the CORT response to stress re-exposure but instead promote sensitization. For example, in rats exposed to repeated tailshocks (15 min/day), CORT levels in plasma collected on days 2, 3, 4 and 5 were higher than the hormone levels following tailshock on day 1, whereas increased CORT levels occurred in rats restrained from the tail (15 min/day) for 4 and 5 days as compared to day 1 (Orr et al., 1990). Likewise, chronic predator stress (i.e. cat exposure) in rats (60 min/day) for 6 and 13 days led to increased CORT secretion (as measured 60, 120 and 180 min after stress exposure) with respect to that in animals stressed for 1 day (Figueiredo et al., 2003).
Sex and age differences in the impact of the forced swimming test on the levels of steroid hormones
2011, Physiology and BehaviorCitation Excerpt :The mechanism underlying the increase in estradiol in young may involve the stimulation of GnRH evoked by stress at central levels. In agreement, GnRH is stimulated by excitatory amino acids (such as N-methyl-aspartate) and opioid peptides released in response to stress [44,47] and FST evokes the release of opioid peptides and activates NMDA receptors [48,49]. The estradiol levels rose after FST in adult females and prepubertal animals.
Repeated exposure to immobilization or two different footshock intensities reveals differential adaptation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
2011, Physiology and BehaviorCitation Excerpt :However, among stressors of high intensity and mixed (systemic and emotional) nature such as IMO and FS, it is quite surprising that consistent adaptation of the HPA axis has been observed with the former [5,28,35], but not the latter. Thus, lack of adaptation to repeated FS has usually been reported measuring plasma corticosterone just after the termination of exposure to the stressors (i.e. [32–34]) and this may not be appropriate for the reasons discussed in the Introduction. In fact, after repeated exposure to IMO reduced ACTH levels just after the stressor are accompanied by higher corticosterone levels [5,35].
Is full physical contact necessary for buffering effects of pair housing on social stress in rats?
2011, Behavioural ProcessesCitation Excerpt :Glasper and DeVries (2005) showed that the beneficial effects of pair housing, such as the facilitation of wound healing, diminished when monogamous mice (Peromyscus californicus and Peromyscus eremicus) were prevented by a double mesh screen barrier from interacting physically with an opposite-sex partner. Wilson (2001) reported that when placed in a novel open field, rats that were allowed to have full physical contact with a conspecific showed lower prolactin levels—which is a physiological marker of stress response (Armario et al., 1986; Orr et al., 1990)—than those tested alone and those tested with a conspecific separated by a Plexiglas partition. Kiyokawa et al. (2009) reported that a conditioned fear response to contextual cues paired with foot-shocks was mitigated when the subject was exposed to the context along with another rat—even if the rats were separated by a double wire mesh barrier—and that lesions of the main olfactory epithelium by an intranasal injection of ZnSO4 abolished such buffering effects.
Stress-induced suppression of in vivo splenic cytokine production in the rat by neural and hormonal mechanisms
2004, Brain, Behavior, and ImmunityThe effects of stress exposure on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, thymus, thyroid hormones and glucose levels
2002, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
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These studies were conducted while the authors were affiliated with the University of Georgia. Dr. Orr is now affiliated with the Research Division of the Veterans Administration Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, and Drs. Meyerhoff and Mougey are with the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Department of Medical Neurosciences, Washington DC, USA.