Recovery from motion adaptation is delayed by successively presented orthogonal motion

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(94)90297-6

Vision Research

Volume 34, Issue 9, May 1994, Pages 1149-1155

https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(94)90297-6 Get rights and content

Abstract

Following a period of adaptation to a pattern moving in a particular direction, a subsequently viewed stationary pattern appears to move in the opposite direction for some time: the movement after effect (MAE). The MAE lasts longer when the test pattern is not immediately or not continuously presented after adaptation. This phenomenon is called storage. So far research indicates that storage only occurs when textured visual stimulation is absent during part of the test phase or if the processing of a stationary test stimulus is prevented (e.g. by binocular rivalry). We present evidence that storage-like phenomena can occur even while a textured and moving visual stimulus is phenomenally present. We adapted binocularly to uni-directional motion of a random-pixel array M1 for 60 sec. This stimulus was immediately followed by another moving pattern M2. Its motion direction was orthogonal to that of M1. The presentation time of M2 was the independent variable. A stationary pattern was presented immediately after presentation of M2. The direction of the resulting integrated uni-directional MAE was measured. For short presentation times of M2 there is an integrated uni-directional MAE, which shows an interaction of the output of units stimulated by both moving patterns. However, it appeared that the effect of M1 on the direction of this combined uni-directional MAE is much longer present than would be expected from the MAE duration of M1, when tested in isolation.

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Cited by (25)

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Studies of the effect of test stimulus exposure usually confound the time since adaptation with the duration of test exposure (Leopold et al., 2005; Rhodes et al., 2007). In motion adaptation having the subject observe a blank stimulus instead of the test stimulus during the delay period reduces the decay of the after-effect (Spigel, 1960; Wohlgemuth, 1911), a phenomenon referred to as ‘storage’ (Leopold et al., 2001; Thompson and Wright, 1994; Verstraten et al., 1994). Whether face after-effects also show storage has not been established formally; however, if they do, both the Adaptor-only condition in our second experiment and the results of a prior experiment that also did not present stimuli in the delay period (Leopold et al., 2005) show that this storage also decays with time, and in both cases over a few seconds following 5 s of adaptation.
Perceptual after-effects decay over time at a rate that depends on several factors, such as the duration of adaptation and the duration of the test stimuli. Whether this decay is accelerated by exposure to other faces after adaptation is not known. Our goal was to determine if the appearance of other faces during a delay period after adaptation affected the face identity after-effect. In the first experiment we investigated whether, in the perception of ambiguous stimuli created by morphing between two faces, the repulsive after-effects from adaptation to one face were reduced by brief presentation of the second face in a delay period. We found no effect; however, this may have been confounded by a small attractive after-effect from the interference face. In the second experiment, the interference stimuli were faces unrelated to those used as adaptation stimuli, and we examined after-effects at three different delay periods. This showed a decline in after-effects as the time since adaptation increased, and an enhancement of this decline by the presentation of intervening faces. An exponential model estimated that the intervening faces caused an 85% reduction in the time constant of the after-effect decay. In conclusion, we confirm that face after-effects decline rapidly after adaptation and that exposure to other faces hastens the re-setting of the system.
Experience-driven plasticity in binocular vision
2010, Current Biology
Citation Excerpt :
Remarkably, decreased exclusivity levels barely recovered during this day of patching, yet recovery began immediately after both eyes received matched stimulation during free viewing (Supplemental Results and Discussion; Figure S2). The longevity of decreased exclusivity in the absence of binocular input is reminiscent of the enduring time course of contingent adaptation effects (e.g., [17]) and perhaps storage of noncontingent aftereffects [18–20]. The slow decay of adaptation in all of these cases could have a common cause: neurons encoding a specific adapting stimulus may retain their adapted state so as long as they are shielded from novel sensory experience, thereby precluding recalibration [17, 18, 20].
Experience-driven neuronal plasticity allows the brain to adapt its functional connectivity to recent sensory input. Here we use binocular rivalry [1], an experimental paradigm in which conflicting images are presented to the individual eyes, to demonstrate plasticity in the neuronal mechanisms that convert visual information from two separated retinas into single perceptual experiences. Perception during binocular rivalry tended to initially consist of alternations between exclusive representations of monocularly defined images, but upon prolonged exposure, mixture percepts became more prevalent. The completeness of suppression, reflected in the incidence of mixture percepts, plausibly reflects the strength of inhibition that likely plays a role in binocular rivalry [2]. Recovery of exclusivity was possible but required highly specific binocular stimulation. Documenting the prerequisites for these observed changes in perceptual exclusivity, our experiments suggest experience-driven plasticity at interocular inhibitory synapses, driven by the correlated activity (and also the lack thereof) of neurons representing the conflicting stimuli. This form of plasticity is consistent with a previously proposed but largely untested anti-Hebbian learning mechanism for inhibitory synapses in vision [3, 4]. Our results implicate experience-driven plasticity as one governing principle in the neuronal organization of binocular vision.
Storage of an oculomotor motion aftereffect
2007, Vision Research
Adaptation to motion produces a motion aftereffect (MAE), where illusory, oppositely-directed motion is perceived when viewing a stationary image. A common hypothesis for motion adaptation is that it reflects an imbalance of activity caused by neuronal fatigue. However, the perceptual MAE exhibits storage, in that the MAE appears even after a prolonged period of darkness is interposed between the adapting stimulus and the test, suggesting that fatigue cannot explain the perceptual MAE. We asked whether neural fatigue was a viable explanation for the oculomotor MAE (OMAE) by testing if the OMAE exhibits storage. Human observers were adapted with moving, random-dot cinematograms. Following adaptation, they generated an oculomotor MAE (OMAE), with both pursuit and saccadic components. The OMAE occurred in the presence of a visual test stimulus, but not in the dark. When the test stimulus was introduced after the dark period, the OMAE reappeared, analogous to perceptual MAE storage. The results suggest that fatigue cannot explain the OMAE, and that visual stimulation is necessary to elicit it. We propose a model in which adaptation recalibrates the motion-processing network by adjusting the weights of the inputs to neurons in the middle-temporal (MT) area.
Perceptual manifestations of fast neural plasticity: Motion priming, rapid motion aftereffect and perceptual sensitization
2005, Vision Research
Visual neurons show fast adaptive behavior in response to brief visual input. However, the perceptual consequences of this rapid neural adaptation are less known. Here, we show that brief exposure to a moving adaptation stimulus—ranging from tens to hundreds of milliseconds—influences the perception of a subsequently presented ambiguous motion test stimulus. Whether the ambiguous motion is perceived to move in the same direction (priming), or in the opposite direction (rapid motion aftereffect) varies systematically with the duration of the adaptation stimulus and the adaptation-test blank interval. These biases appear and decay rapidly. Moreover, when the adapting stimulus is itself ambiguous, these effects are not produced. Instead, the percept for the subsequent test stimulus is biased to the perceived direction of the adaptation stimulus. This effect (perceptual sensitization) builds gradually over the time between the adaptation and test stimuli. Our results indicate that rapid adaptation plays a role mainly within early motion processing, whereas a slow potentiation controls the sensitivity at a later stage.
Storage for free: A surprising property of a simple gain-control model of motion aftereffects
2004, Vision Research
Citation Excerpt :
Moreover, they relied heavily on relative speed estimation procedures, and it is not likely that there is a simple relation between perceived speed and MAE-duration (Hammett, Thompson, & Bedingham, 2000). In any case, the results of Keck and Pentz (1977), Thompson and Wright (1994), Verstraten et al. (1994b), and others, make it abundantly clear that `storage' depends strongly on stimulus manipulations during the test phase. Our assumption that an effective test stimulus (one that makes a MAE visible) provides a non-selective stimulation of all direction-sensitive motion channels is at least compatible with these findings.
If a motion aftereffect (MAE) for given adaptation conditions has a duration T s, and the eyes are closed after adaptation during a waiting period t_w=T s before testing, an unexpected MAE of a `residual' duration T_rT s is experienced. This effect is called `storage' and it is often quantified by a storage factor σ=T_rT/T, which can reach values up to about 0.7–0.8. The phenomenon and its name have invited explanations in terms of inhibition of recovery during darkness. We present a model based on the opposite idea, that an effective test stimulus quickens recovery relative to darkness or other ineffective test stimuli. The model is worked out in mathematical detail and proves to explain `storage' data from the literature, on the static MAE (sMAE: an MAE experienced for static test stimuli). We also present results of a psychophysical experiment with moving random pixel arrays, quantifying storage phenomena both for the sMAE and the dynamic MAE (dMAE: an MAE experienced for a random dynamic noise test stimulus). Storage factors for the dMAE are lower than for the sMAE. Our model also gives an excellent description of these new data on storage of the dMAE. The term `storage' might therefore be a misnomer. If an effective test stimulus influences all direction tuned motion sensors indiscriminately and thus speeds up equalization of gains, one gets the storage phenomenon for free.
Haptic after-effect of successively touched curved surfaces
2001, Acta Psychologica
A flat surface is more often judged to be convex after the touching of a concave surface than after the touching of a convex surface. This haptic after-effect increases with the time of contact with the curved surface till it saturates, and it decreases with the time-lapse between the touching of the first surface and the next one. In this paper, the haptic after-effect of two successively touched spherically curved surfaces is investigated. It is found that both surfaces contribute to the after-effect, but the after-effect is not additive. The time course of the after-effect of two successive surfaces can be described by a first-order integrator with a single time constant of about 7 s and an amplitude equal to the difference between the saturation levels of the after-effects of the two surfaces when measured in isolation. The new saturation level is therefore equal to that of the after-effect of the most recently touched surface.

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^†: On leave from: Computer Science Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 25715-2688 U.S.A.

^‡: Present address: McGill Vision Research Centre, 687 Pine Avenue West (H4 14), Montréal, Québec, Canada 31 1A1.

View full text

Recovery from motion adaptation is delayed by successively presented orthogonal motion

Abstract

Vision Research

Vision Research

Vision Research

Vision Research

An account of a peculiar optical phenomenon seen after having looked at a moving body, etc

London & Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science

Hierarchical processing of motion in the visual cortex of monkey

Evidence for a physiological explanation of the waterfall phenomenon and figural after-effects

Nature

Temporal properties of the visual detectability of moving spatial white noise

Experimental Brain Research

Spatial properties of the visual detectability of moving spatial white noise

Experimental Brain Research

Limits in spatio-temporal correlation and the perception of visual movement

Perception of movement and correlation in stroboscopically presented noise patterns

Perception

Duration, time constant, and decay of the linear motion after effect as a function of inspection duration

Perception & Psychophysics