Comparative neuropsychology and Korsakoff's syndrome. I—Spatial and visual reversal learning
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The rat's not for turning: Dissociating the psychological components of cognitive inflexibility
2015, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral ReviewsThe neurobiology of thalamic amnesia: Contributions of medial thalamus and prefrontal cortex to delayed conditional discrimination
2015, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral ReviewsCitation Excerpt :Comparative neuropsychological studies have shown that WKS affects delayed conditional discriminations of sensory stimuli in multiple sensory modalities, including delayed matching (DM) or nonmatching (DNM) tasks in which subjects choose between two response alternatives based on stimulus information presented in a preceding sample trial (Aggleton et al., 1988; Oscar-Berman et al., 1992; Squire et al., 1988). WKS patients also make more errors to criteria learning two choice discrimination and serial reversal learning tasks, although they retain the ability to perform discriminations at criteria once learned and exhibit positive transfer across a series of reversal problems (Oscar-Berman and Zola-Morgan, 1980). PTD rats are likewise impaired in multiple sensory modalities performing two choice DM and DNM tasks (Knoth and Mair, 1991; Mair et al., 1985, 1988, 1991a; Mumby et al., 1995, 1999; Robinson and Mair, 1992) and in errors to criterion in discrimination and serial reversal learning (Mair et al., 1991b).
Adolescent binge drinking increases expression of the danger signal receptor agonist HMGB1 and toll-like receptors in the adult prefrontal cortex
2012, NeuroscienceCitation Excerpt :Although clear behavioral delineations between the OFC and mPFC (i.e., PrL and IL) are lacking, Badanich and colleagues (2011) suggest that the OFC is critical for reversal learning while the mPFC is involved in set-shifting. The impaired reversal learning is indicative of prefrontal cortical dysfunction, which has been found in human alcoholics (Fortier et al., 2008) and individuals with neurodegenerative disorders (Oscar-Berman and Zola-Morgan, 1980; Freedman and Oscar-Berman, 1989). Regardless, we found that adolescent binge ethanol exposure resulted in adult reversal learning deficits and increased perseverative behavior following a long period of abstinence, which paralleled the persistent nature of long-term innate immune gene induction.
Distinct patterns of cognitive impairment in multiple system atrophy patients of cerebellar and parkinsonian predominance
2012, Basal GangliaCitation Excerpt :Normative data are available for the test battery of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) [19] and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) [20,21], but not for the experimental tasks. Therefore a control group (CGR) of 26 persons (14 male, 12 female) with no history or clinical signs of neurologic or psychiatric disease and without regular medication performed the Weather Prediction Task (WPT) [22], the Object Alternation Task (OAT) [23], spot-the-word test [24] and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) [25]. The CGR was comparable to the MSA groups with regard to gender, age (mean ± SD 62.2 ± 6.5 years) and mean verbal IQ (mean ± SD 108 ± 10.8).
A twin study of spatial and non-spatial delayed response performance in middle age
2011, Brain and CognitionCitation Excerpt :One way to summarize this distinction is that an additional subgoal (i.e., more top-down control) is required in NSA.It should also be noted that our version of NSA is actually a color alternation test like the task developed by Gold et al. (1996) in contrast to the object alternation tasks developed by Zald et al. (2002) and Turner and Levine (2006). The classic versions that were developed by Oscar-Berman and colleagues (1980) consisted of objects that differed in both color and shape. As such, one cannot know whether participants in studies using that apparatus were shifting according to color or shape.