The International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes
A simple 18O water target for 18F production
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PET Radiochemistry
2021, Molecular Imaging: Principles and PracticeExperimental study of an initially pressurized water target irradiated by a proton beam
2020, Applied Radiation and IsotopesCitation Excerpt :M. R. Kilbourn et al. designed a single-window foil target. The material of the foil was havar with a thickness of 500 μm (Kilbourn et al., 1984). A pressurized silver cavity target was used by T. J. Tewson et al., 1988 to solve the problem of dissolving metals in water.
Small Prosthetic Groups in <sup>18</sup>F-Radiochemistry: Useful Auxiliaries for the Design of <sup>18</sup>F-PET Tracers
2017, Seminars in Nuclear MedicineCitation Excerpt :The full automation of the synthesis of bromo-18F-fluoromethane was achieved by automated distillation of the reaction mixture over 3 Sep-Pak Plus silica cartridges to remove the dibromomethane precursor and unreacted 18F−.22 The introduction of the aminopolyether Kryptofix222 and potassium carbonate system as well as the tetrabutylammonium 18F-fluoride complex23,24 constituted important improvements enhancing the nucleophilicity of the 18F−anion, via complexation of the potassium cation through Kryptofix222, leaving the 18F− un-solvatized and thus “naked” or through the formation of highly soluble nBu4N[18F]F (due to the phase transfer capabilities of nBu4N+), respectively. The implementation of the Kryptofix222/K[18F]F labeling system marked a turning point in 18F-radiochemistry.
Standardization of fluorine-18 manufacturing processes: New scientific challenges for PET
2011, European Journal of Pharmaceutics and BiopharmaceuticsCitation Excerpt :There are several routes available both for producing fluorine-18 and for the incorporation of [18F]fluoride into a tracer [23,24]. This paper will only address nucleophilic substitution reactions with no-carrier-added (n.c.a.) [18F]fluoride obtained from [18O]H2O targets via the 18O(p,n)18F reaction [25]. This method is by far the most common route to 18F-labeled pharmaceuticals and the closest to being a part of pharmaceutical manufacturing in the PET field [26].
Facile calculation of specific rate constants and activation energies of <sup>18</sup>F-fluorination reaction using combined processes of coat-capture-elution and microfluidics
2011, TetrahedronCitation Excerpt :And thus the development of 18F-labeling methods has been always hot issue for PET, and as the demand for PET increase, it requires more effective synthesis methods for radio tracers.2 Most 18F-labeling reactions are nucleophilic substitution using [18F]fluoride produced by bombardment of [18O]water with accelerated proton.3,4 Generally, [18F]fluoride is captured on an anion exchange resin and then eluted with base solution such as K2CO3/Kryptofix 2.2.2 (K222) or tetrabutylammonium bicarbonate (TBAB) (Fig. 1a).
A critical study on borosilicate glassware and silica-based QMA's in nucleophilic substitution with [<sup>18</sup>F]fluoride: Influence of aluminum, boron and silicon on the reactivity of [<sup>18</sup>F]fluoride
2011, Applied Radiation and IsotopesCitation Excerpt :So far, the demand for “clean” [18F]F− has to a large extent been satisfied through upgrading of cyclotrons and targetry systems. Improved cyclotron technology from only a few global vendors have standardized the bombardment process, and continuous development in targetry over the last three decades have greatly improved the impurity profile of aqueous [18F]F− at end of bombardment (Kilbourn et al., 1984, 1985; Berridge and Tewson, 1986b; Wieland et al., 1986; Iwata et al., 1987; Solin et al., 1988; Tewson et al., 1988; Schlyer et al., 1993; Berridge and Kjellström, 1999; Wilson et al., 2008). Nevertheless, inconsistent yields from [18F]F− substitution reactions are still typical.