Accelerated recovery following polyamines and aminoguanidine treatment after facial nerve injury in rats

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(96)00287-9

Brain Research

Volume 724, Issue 1, 10 June 1996, Pages 141-144

https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(96)00287-9 Get rights and content

Abstract

Accelerated axon regeneration is of paramount importance for improved functional recovery after motor nerve injuries. Following injury of their axon neurones undergo a series of changes, termed the axon reaction, aimed at survival and regeneration of a new axon. We and others have found that early treatment with exogenous polyamines can enhance neuronal survival and accelerate the rate of axon regeneration and functional recovery after sympathetic and motor (sciatic) nerve injuries. Results of the present study corroborate the previous findings and demonstrate that after facial nerve injury in adult rats, polyamine treatment can accelerate the early phases of motor function recovery (vibrissae movement). Treatment with aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of several oxidation reactions, produced a further improvement at the early phase of functional recovery. In the facial nucleus, the injury-induced transient reduction in the activity of the acetylcholine synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase was not affected by the treatment. After nerve injury in 5-day-old male rats, polyamines and aminoguanidine treatment exerted a minor neuroprotective effect (127.6% surviving neurones compared to control). We conclude that polyamines and aminoguanidine may have therapeutic potential in the acceleration of recovery after nerve injuries.

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Effect of polycaprolactone/collagen/hUCS microfiber nerve conduit on facial nerve regeneration
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Functional recovery was assessed by measuring vibrissae movement at the 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th week post-surgery. The return of vibrissae function was monitored by comparing movement on theside ipsilateral to the lesioned nerve to movement on the intact contralateralside, using a modified version of Gilad’s arbitrary score [16] (0, complete paralysis with vibrissae flattened and oriented posteriorly; 1, slight quivering vibrissae movements; 2, moderate quivering vibrissae movements; 3, quivering movements but abnormal orientation; 4, apparently normal movements but still abnormal orientation of caudal vibrissae; 5, full movement and normal orientation). Electrophysiology analysis was performed before the transection and at each post-surgical time point.
Nerve conduits have been used to bridge nerve gaps without the donor site morbidity associated with nerve grafting. To fabricate artificial nerve conduits, various biological, synthetic, and natural materials have been applied. In this study, we suggest a new fibrous nerve conduit consisting of PCL microfibers supplemented with collagen and human umbilical cord serum (hUCS). The proposed PCL-based nerve conduit exhibited significantly higher bioactivities in vitro and in vivo, compared to pure PCL and PCL/collagen fibrous conduits. Based on these results, we believe that the PCL/collagen/hUCS fibrous conduit provides more favorable micro-environmental conditions for facial nerve (FN) regeneration and has more therapeutic potential for the regeneration of FN transectional damage than the autograft technique.
The neuroimmunology of degeneration and regeneration in the peripheral nervous system
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A PACAP -/- mouse displayed significantly delayed regeneration following facial motor axotomy that coincided with near 10-fold increases in prominent inflammatory cytokines, IFN-γ, IL-6, and TNF-α, and a 90% reduction in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 (Armstrong et al., 2008). Polyamine synthesis and arginase 1 have been tied to axonal regeneration in the PNS (Gilad et al., 1996; Lee and Wolfe, 2000; Schreiber et al., 2004). Overexpression of arginase 1 in cerebellar neurons was sufficient to overcome the inhibition of MAG and myelin and allow for axonal elongation in vitro, similar to the effects of administration of cAMP.
Peripheral nerves regenerate following injury due to the effective activation of the intrinsic growth capacity of the neurons and the formation of a permissive pathway for outgrowth due to Wallerian degeneration (WD). WD and subsequent regeneration are significantly influenced by various immune cells and the cytokines they secrete. Although macrophages have long been known to play a vital role in the degenerative process, recent work has pointed to their importance in influencing the regenerative capacity of peripheral neurons. In this review, we focus on the various immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines that make regeneration possible in the peripheral nervous system, with specific attention placed on the role macrophages play in this process.
Effect of topical dexamethasone in reducing dysfunction after facial nerve crush injury in the rat
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Citation Excerpt :
The functional recovery analysis was observed by vibrissae movement. The return of vibrissae function was monitored by comparing the side ipsilateral to the lesioned nerve, to the contralateral intact side, using a modified Gilad's arbitrary score [10] (0, complete paralysis with vibrissae flattened and oriented posteriorly; 1, slight quivering vibrissae movements; moderate quivering vibrissae movements; 3, quivering movements but abnormal orientation; 4, apparently normal movements but still abnormal orientation of caudal vibrissae; 5, full movement and normal orientation). Electrophysiology analysis was performed before the crush injury, and 3-week posttrauma time points.
To date, the effect of topical steroid after a crush injury to rat facial nerve has rarely been reported on. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of topical dexamethasone on recovery after a crush injury to the rat facial nerve, by functional, electrophysiological, and morphological evaluation.
We investigated the effects of topical dexamethasone on recovery after a crush injury to rat facial nerve by functional, electrophysiological and morphological evaluation.
The functional recovery using vibrissae movement was significantly high scores in the experimental group than control group at two and three weeks post-crush. The recovery of the threshold of muscle action potential was significantly lowered in the experimental group compared to the control (p < 0.05). However, there was no statistical significance in the nerve conduction velocity. The dexamethasone treatment groups showed a larger axon diameter and thicker myelin sheath than the control group.
From our results, topical dexamethasone accelerates recovery of the crush-injured facial nerve.
Effect of ginkgo biloba extract on recovery after facial nerve crush injury in the rat
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Citation Excerpt :
For prevention of perineural adhesion [19], soluble antiadhesive, hyaluronic acid-sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Guardix, Hanmi Pharmaceutical Co., Seoul, Korea) around the crushed nerve. The return of vibrissae function was monitored by comparing the side ipsilateral to the lesioned nerve, to the contralateral intact side, using an arbitrary score [20] (0, complete paralysis with vibrissae flattened and oriented posteriorly; 1, slight quivering vibrissae movements; 2, quivering movements but abnormal orientation; 3, apparently normal movements but still abnormal orientation of caudal vibrissae; and 4, full movement and normal orientation). Electrophysiology analysis was performed before crush injury 4-week posttrauma time points of all the experimental groups (n = 10).
Many pharmacological agents have shown successful results in experimental crush injury of the peripheral nerve. To date, therapeutic effect of ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) on the peripheral nerve crush injury of rats has been rarely reported, moreover, neuroprotective effect on the facial nerve crush injury has not been reported.
Prospective functional recovery, using a vibrissae movement and electrophysiological analysis of recovery 4 weeks after the facial nerve crush in adult rats, and comparison with randomized intraperitoneal injection of either GBE or control phosphate buffered saline.
Relative to the control group (26 days post operation), administration of GBE significantly accelerated the recovery of vibrissae orientation to 11.7 days post the operation. A significant functional recovery was observed by postoperative 2nd week in the experimental group. The recovery of threshold and conduction velocity, postoperative 4th week in the experimental group, showed statistically significant difference compared to that of the control group.
From this result, intraperitoneal injection of GBE has been found effective in promoting the regeneration of the nerve in an experimental facial nerve crush rat model. Further studies, including morphological and molecular analyses, are necessary to clarify the mechanisms of GBE on the facial nerve crush.
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This study suggest that both kinds of vein grafts play positive roles in facial nerve regeneration after being repaired immediately, but the autogenous inside-out vein grafts might accelerate and facilitate axonal regeneration as compared with control.

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Short communicationAccelerated recovery following polyamines and aminoguanidine treatment after facial nerve injury in rats

Abstract

Exp. Neurol.

Int. J. Dev. Neurosci.

Exp. Neurol.

Brain Res.

Dev. Brain Res.

Biochem. Pharrnacol.

Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.

Exp. Neurol.

Exp. Neurol.

Exp. Neurol.

Exp. Neurol.

The development of facial motoneurones in the mouse - neuronal death and the innervation of facial muscle

J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol.

Short communication
Accelerated recovery following polyamines and aminoguanidine treatment after facial nerve injury in rats