Zoogeography of the Abyssal and Hadal Zones

doi:10.1016/S0065-2881(08)60019-X

Advances in Marine Biology

Volume 32, 1997, Pages 325-387

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2881(08)60019-X Get rights and content

Abstract

Deep-sea bottom-living macroinvertebrates occurring below 3000 m depth include some species with a broad cosmopolitan geographical distribution and others with more limited, sometimes local, ranges. Taxa containing a large number of species with a wide vertical range (eurybathic) have a wider horizontal distribution than those dominated by species with narrow vertical ranges (stenobathic abyssal forms). Examination of distribution records of more than 1000 species from different taxa, mainly from Russian collections, confirms that the extent of species' ranges is related to their degree of eurybathy. Groups with a high proportion of truly abyssal species show a high level of endemism.

Taxonomic links vary between the main ocean areas. A hierarchical scheme of regionation of the abyssal fauna, comprising regions, subregions and provinces, is provided, based on quantitative analysis of the fauna from different areas. This scheme is compared with other known schemes. The Arctic, the Caribbean and the Mediterranean are discussed in more detail. In analysing relationships between adjacent regions and factors controlling distribution, special attention is given to the near-continental (ring-like) species ranges, determined by nutritional conditions at the base of the continental slope. Bipolar and amphi-oceanic species ranges are analysed, together with the probable determining factors.

The hadal or ultra-abyssal fauna (deeper than 6000 m) demonstrates restriction of species to local areas within an ocean; 95% of hadal species occur only in a single trench or a group of adjacent trenches. This separation of the trench faunas gives them the status of independent zoogeographic provinces in a joint scheme of abyssal and hadal regionation.

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Zoogeography of the Abyssal and Hadal Zones

Abstract

Deep-Sea Research

Deep-Sea Research

Studies of the deep-sea bottom fauna in the central part of the Arctic Ocean

Okeanologia

Investigations of the bottom fauna in the Canadian Basin of the Polar Ocean

Ancient deep-water and secondary deep-water fishes and their significance in a zoogeographical analysis

“Notes on Special Problems in Ichthyology”

Ocean trench conservation

Environmentalist

Echinoderms (Echinodermata) collected by the r/v “F. Litke” expedition in 1955

Trudy Arcticheskogo i Antarcticheskogo nauchno-issledovayelskogo Instituta

Taxonomic composition of deep water benthic fauna: Ophiuroidea

Gammaridean Amphipoda from depths of 400 to 6000 m

Galathea Report

South Atlantic abyssal amphipods collected by R/V “Vema”

Vema Research Series

Antarctic Hexactinellidae

Synopses of the Antarctic Benthos

Mediterranean deep-sea amphipods: composition, structure and affinities of the fauna

Progress in Oceanography

“Bottom fauna of the Ultraabyssal Depths of the World Ocean”

New starfish species from the abyssal and ultraabyssal depths of the Pacific

Byulleten Moskovskogo Obshchestva ispytatelei prirody. Otdel biologicheskij

“Hadal Bottom Fauna of the World Ocean”

On the age of deep-sea fauna of the ocean and ultra-abyssal fauna of trenches

Byulleten Moskovskogo Obshchestva ispytatelei prirody, Otdel biologicheskij

New species of holothurians of the genus Elpidia from the south part of Atlantic Ocean

Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademii Nauk SSSR

Ultraabyssal (hadal) fauna

New findings of starfishes of the family Porcellanasteridae in the ultraabyssal zone

Zoologicheskii Zhurnal

“Deep-sea Trenches and their Fauna”

On the bipolarity of ophiuroids of the genus Toporkovia Djakonov

Zoologicheskii Zhurnal

The holothurians of the family Myriotrochidae (Apoda): composition, distribution and origin

Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademii Nauk SSSR

Zoogeography of abyssal and ultraabyssal depths

“I sjezd sovetskich okeanologov. Biologia i Chimia Okeana, 2”

A diagram of die vertical biological zonality of the ocean

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Distribution laws of the deep-sea bottom fauna in the light of the idea of the biological structure of the ocean

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Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademii Nauk SSSR

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Byulleten Moskovskogo obshchestva ispytatelei prirody, Otdel biologicheskij

The bottom ultraabyssal gammarids from the north-western Pacific, I

Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademii Nauk SSSR

The abyssal molluscan fauna of the Norwegian sea and its relation to other faunas

Sarsia

“Marine Zoogeography”

The pelagic life in the Polar basin

Priroda

The abyssal fauna: its ecology, distribution and origin

Nature

Deep-sea and abyssal depths

Geological Society of America Memoir

Abyssal benthic organisms: nature, origin, distribution and influence on sedimentation

“Oceanography”

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Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranée

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Rapports et Procès-verbaux des Réunions. Commission International pour I'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranée

The status of knowledge of Panamian echinoids, 1971, with comments on other Echinoderms

Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington

The distribution of the deep-sea near-bottom pelagic Mysidacea (Crustacea) in the World Ocean and the relationship between high taxa in this group of animals

Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Rossijskoi Akademiii Nauk

Annotated list and bibliography of the abyssal marine molluscs of the World

Bulletein of the National Museum of Canada

Sipuncula of the western North Atlantic

Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History

Deep-water Maldanidae (Polychaeta) of the Pacific Ocean. 1. The genus Maldanella

Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademii Nauk SSSR

The polychaetous worms of the Orkney Trench

Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Rossijskoi Akademii Nauk