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Carbon composite thermoplastic electrodes integrated with mini-printed circuit board for wireless detection of calcium ions

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Abstract

Here, a smartphone-based portable sensing system is developed for real-time detection of Ca2+ ions in a variety of biofluids. A solid-contact calcium-selective electrode (Ca2+-ISE) consisting of an ion-selective membrane (ISM), carbon black nanomaterial and polystyrene-graphite nanoplatelets as a solid contact was fabricated. The polyvinylchloride (PVC)-based ISM was optimized using different plasticizers and ion-exchangers. Under optimized conditions, the solid contacts were electrochemically characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), chronopotentiometric and potentiometric measurements. The Ca2+-ISE showed a Nernst response with a slope of 31.2 ± 0.6 mV/decade in the concentration range from 0.1 M to 10−4 M Ca2+ with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.0 × 10–5 M. In addition, the ISEs exhibited good selectivity to Ca2+ ions over various interfering electrolytes and metabolites. The Ca2+-ISEs were applied in human urine and, artificial serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples. The ISEs showed good recoveries between 90 and 105%, indicating potential applicability of these electrodes in biological fluids. The portable lab-made potentiometer provides wireless data signaling and transmission to a smartphone and final Ca2+ concentration display due to its customized software. Therefore, the developed smartphone-based sensing platform offers low cost (< $25), rapid, user-friendly detection of Ca2+ especially in resource-limited areas.

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Data availability statement

The datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Charles S. Henry for providing resources for this work and editing the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical-Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey

    Tugba Ozer

  2. Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA

    Tugba Ozer

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Ozer, T. Carbon composite thermoplastic electrodes integrated with mini-printed circuit board for wireless detection of calcium ions. ANAL. SCI. 38, 1233–1243 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44211-022-00164-w

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