Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Method for Conditioning the Asphalt Mixtures

  • Original Research Paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Asphalt pavements can be negatively affected by various factors such as traffic, environment, and chemical impacts during their service life. The most common types of damage include water damage, cracking, and rutting. Although various methods have been proposed in the literature for water damage, the AASHTO T283 (modified Lottman) method is the most widely used method in practice and research. However, some shortcomings have been highlighted in the literature regarding this method. One of these shortcomings is that only damages caused by water are taken into account, and the effects of clay transported to the pavement surface in various ways are not considered. Clays on the pavement surface can penetrate the pavement by forming a solution with water due to the effect of traffic and cause significant damage to the pavement by creating void pressure as a result of their spontaneous emulsification and swelling. This study aims to develop an alternative conditioning method using a water−clay solution and different soaking times instead of the AASHTO T283 conditioning method. Thus, it is aimed to investigate the effects of clay on asphalt pavements and to evaluate the effects of the Wetfix BE additive, which is an anti-stripping fatty acid derivative, in the mixtures. Control and Wetfix BE-modified mixtures were investigated in terms of rutting, low-temperature cracking, and water damage sensitivity with conditioned and unconditioned samples. The proposed alternative conditioning methods were found to create more severe damage levels compared to the AASHTO T 283 method.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Aksoy, A., Iskender, E., Oruç, Ş, & Özen, H. (2012). Performance comparison of SBS modified and fatty amine modified asphalt mixes. Technical Journal, 23(113), 5967–5986.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Fromm, H. J. (1974). Mechanism of asphalt stripping from aggregate surfaces. AAPT, 43, 191–223.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Taylor, M.A., & Khosla, N.P. (1983). Stripping of Asphalt pavements: state of the art, transportation research record 911, TRB, National Research Council, Washington (DC), 150–8.

  4. Kandal, P. S., Lubold, C. W., & Roberts, F. L. (1989). Water damage to asphalt overlays: Case histories. Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, AAPT, 58, 40–76.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ayyıldız, D. (2018). Investigation of mixture performances of nanoclay, SBS and hydrated lime modified asphalt pavements, PhD Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey.

  6. Copeland, A. R., Kringos, N., Youtcheff Jr, J. S., & Scarpas, T. (2007). Measurement of aggregate–mastic bond strength in presence of moisture: combined experimental−computational study (No. 07-1829).

  7. Kringos, N., & Scarpas, A. (2005). Raveling of asphaltic mixes due to water damage: Computational identification of controlling parameters. Transportation Research Record, 1929(1), 79–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Arepalli, U. M., Madankara Kottayi, N., & Mallick, R. B. (2019). Moisture susceptibility evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt: Combined effect of traffic and moisture. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 12, 206–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Chen, Z., Zhang, H., Zhu, C., & Zhao, B. (2015). Rheological examination of aging in bitumen with inorganic nanoparticles and organic expanded vermiculite. Construction and Building Materials, 101, 884–891.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Sridharan, A., & Prakash, K. (2000). Classification procedures for expansive soils. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Geotechnical Engineering, 143(4), 235–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Ikeagwuani, C. C., & Nwonu, D. C. (2019). Emerging trends in expansive soil stabilisation: A review. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 11(2), 423–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Kakar, M. R., Hamzah, M. O., & Valentin, J. (2015). A review on moisture damages of hot and warm mix asphalt and related investigations. Journal of Cleaner Production, 99, 39–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Cooley, L. A., Kandhal, P. S., Buchanan, M. S., Fee, F., & Epps, A. (2000). Loaded Wheel Testers in the United States: State of the Practice. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council.

    Google Scholar 

  14. AASHTO, AASHTO T 283-21. (2021). Standard Method of Test for Resistance of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures to Moisture-Induced Damage.

  15. Haghshenas, H. F., Khodaii, A., Khedmati, M., & Tapkin, S. (2015). A mathematical model for predicting stripping potential of Hot Mix Asphalt. Construction and Building Materials, 75, 488–495.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Rahman, F., & Hossain, M. (2014). Review and analysis of Hamburg Wheel Tracking device test data. Report No. KS-14-1. Kansas Department of Transportation.

  17. Zhang, W., Shen, S., Wu, S., & Mohammad, L. N. (2017). Prediction model for field rut depth of asphalt pavement based on Hamburg wheel tracking test properties. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 29(9), 04017098.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Walubita, L. F., Lee, S. I., Faruk, A. N., Scullion, T., Nazarian, S., & Abdallah, I. (2017). Texas flexible pavements and overlays: year 5 report-complete data documentation (No. FHWA/TX-15/0-6658-3). Texas A&M Transportation Institute.

  19. Walubita, L. F., Fuentes, L., Prakoso, A., Pianeta, L. M. R., Komba, J. J., & Naik, B. (2020). Correlating the HWTT laboratory test data to field rutting performance of in-service highway sections. Construction and Building Materials, 236, 117552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Yıldırım, Y., Jayawickrama, P.W., Hossain, M.S., Alhabshi, A., Yıldırım, C., Smit, A.F., & Little, D., (2007). Hamburg wheel tracking database analysis. Report No. FHWA/TX-05/0-1707-7. Texas Department of Transportation, Austin, Texas.

  21. Little, D.N., & Epps, J.A. (2001). The Benefits of Hydrated lime in Hot-Mix Asphalt. Report prepared for the National Lime Association.

  22. Birgisson, B., Roque, R., & Page, G. C. (2003). Evaluation of water damage using hot mix asphalt fracture mechanics. Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 73, 424–462.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Highway Technical Specifications. (2013). General Directorate of Highways, Ankara, Turkey.

  24. Mehrara, A., & Khodaii, A. (2013). A review of state of the art on stripping phenomenon in asphalt concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 38, 423–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Kerh, T., Wang, Y. M., & Lin, Y. (2005). Experimental evaluation of anti-stripping additives mixing in road surface pavement materials. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 10(2), 1427–1433.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Oliveira, J. R., Silva, H. M., Abreu, L. P., & Fernandes, S. R. (2013). Use of a warm mix asphalt additive to reduce the production temperatures and to improve the performance of asphalt rubber mixtures. Journal of Cleaner Production, 41, 15–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Pereira, R., Almeida-Costa, A., Duarte, C., & Benta, A. (2018). Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen properties and limestone aggregates mixture compactibility. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 11(3), 285–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Iskender, E., Aksoy, A., & Ozen, H. (2012). Indirect performance comparison for styrene–butadiene–styrene polymer and fatty amine anti-strip modified asphalt mixtures. Construction and building materials, 30, 117–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Akzo Nobel, Asphalt Applications, Wetfix BE (http://fospak.com/files/pbc/Wetfix%20BE.pdf Access date: 25 Jan 2023

  30. Fatemi, S., Zarei, M., Ziaee, S. A., Shad, R., Saadatjoo, S. A., & Tabasi, E. (2023). Low and intermediate temperatures fracture behavior of amorphous poly alpha olefin (APAO)-modified hot mix asphalt subjected to constant and variable temperatures. Construction and Building Materials, 364, 129840.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ishaq, M. A., & Giustozzi, F. (2020). Rejuvenator effectiveness in reducing moisture and freeze/thaw damage on long-term performance of 20% RAP asphalt mixes: An Australian case study. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 13, e00454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Hoare, T. R., & Hesp, S. A. (2000). Low-temperature fracture testing of asphalt binders: Regular and modified systems. Transportation Research Record, 1728(1), 36–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ishaq, M. A., & Giustozzi, F. (2022). Correlation between rheological tests on bitumen and asphalt low temperature cracking tests. Construction and Building Materials, 320(21), 126109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Fakhri, M. (2021). The effects of nano zinc oxide (ZnO) and nano reduced graphene oxide (RGO) on moisture susceptibility property of stone mastic asphalt (SMA). Case Studies in Construction Materials, 15, e00655.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Hamedi, G. H. (2018). Investigating the use of nano coating over the aggregate surface on moisture damage of asphalt mixtures. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 16, 659–669.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Hamedipour, A. M., Shafabakhsh, G., & Sadeghnejad, M. (2023). The impact of nano-TiO2 particles on the moisture susceptibility and fracture toughness of HMA under mixed-mode I/II loading and various crack geometry and temperatures. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 35(3), 04022444.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Deb, P., & Singh, K. L. (2022). Accelerated curing potential of cold mix asphalt using silica fume and hydrated lime as filler. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 24, 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Yousefi, A. A., Haghshenas, H. F., Underwood, B. S., Harvey, J., & Blankenship, P. (2023). Performance of warm asphalt mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement, an anti-stripping agent, and recycling agents: A study using a balanced mix design approach. Construction and Building Materials, 363, 129633.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Aksoy, A., & Iskender, E. (2008). Creep in conventional and modified asphalt mixtures. In Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Transport, 161(4), 185–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Tapkin, S., Çevik, A., & Uşar, Ü. (2012). Prediction of rutting potential of dense bituminous mixtures with polypropylene fibers via repeated creep testing by using neuro-fuzzy approach. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering, 56(2), 253–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Chen, T. C., Yeung, M. R., & Mori, N. (2004). Effect of water saturation on deterioration of welded tuff due to freeze-thaw action. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 38(2–3), 127–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Maged, A., Iqbal, J., Kharbish, S., Ismael, I. S., & Bhatnagar, A. (2020). Tuning tetracycline removal from aqueous solution onto activated 2: 1 layered clay mineral: Characterization, sorption and mechanistic studies. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 384, 121320.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Bochner de Araujo, S., Reyssat, M., Monteux, C., & Fuller, G. G. (2019). Ablation of water drops suspended in asphaltene/heptol solutions due to spontaneous emulsification. Science Advances, 5(10), eaax8227.

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. McBain, J. W., & Woo, T. M. (1937). Spontaneous emulsification, and reactions overshooting equilibrium. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A-Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 163(913), 182–188.

    ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Mirzababaei, P., Moghadas Nejad, F., & Naderi, K. (2020). Effect of liquid silane-based anti-stripping additives on rheological properties of asphalt binder and hot mix asphalt moisture sensitivity. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 21(2), 570–585.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Nejad, F. M., Azarhoosh, A. R., Hamedi, G. H., & Azarhoosh, M. J. (2012). Influence of using nonmaterial to reduce the moisture susceptibility of hot mix asphalt. Construction and Building Materials, 31, 384–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Pickering, K. I. M. O., Sebaaly, P. E., Stroup-Gardiner, M., & Epps, J. A. (1992). Evaluation of new generation of antistripping additives. Transportation Research Record, 1342, 26–26.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Sybilski, D., Wistuba, M. P., Bankowski, W., Buechler, S., & Heinrich, P. (2015). Investigation on binder-aggregate adhesivity using a nanotechnology chemically reactive silane additives based agent. Bituminous Mixtures and Pavements V, I, 447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Epps, J., P.E. Sebaaly, J. Penaranda, M.R. Maher, M.B. McCann, & A.J. Hand. (2000). NCHRP report 444: compatibility of a test for moistureinduced damage with superpave volumetric design. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC.

  50. Solaimanian, M., & Kennedy, T. W. (2003). Precision of the moisture susceptibility test method Tex-531-C. Research Report 4909-1F. Center for Transportation Research, University of Texas at Austin.

  51. LaCroix, A., Regimand, A., & James, L. (2016). Proposed approach for evaluation of cohesive and adhesive properties of asphalt mixtures for determination of moisture sensitivity. Transportation Research Record, 2575(1), 61–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Erol İskender, who led me in my study and made me focus on this subject, and Prof. Dr. Atakan Aksoy and Mustafa Taha Aslan, who contributed and developed my work.

Funding

Not applicable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey

    Halime Solak & Erol Iskender

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey

    Atakan Aksoy

  3. Bentaş Bentonit Mining Industry and Trade Joint Stock Company, Ordu, Turkey

    Mustafa Taha Aslan

Authors
  1. Halime Solak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Erol Iskender
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Atakan Aksoy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mustafa Taha Aslan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Halime Solak.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Solak, H., Iskender, E., Aksoy, A. et al. A Method for Conditioning the Asphalt Mixtures. Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-024-00417-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-024-00417-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation