Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-zzh7m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T13:13:59.879Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Transformation of Magnesite to Sepiolite and Stevensite: Characteristics and Genesis (Çayirbaği, Konya, Turkey)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Mefail Yeniyol Open the ORCID record for Mefail Yeniyol [Opens in a new window]
Mefail Yeniyol*
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34850 Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: yeniyolm@istanbul.edu.tr
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Çayırbağı magnesite is one of numerous magnesite deposits occurring throughout Turkey. In this deposit, sepiolite and newly found stevensite occur locally as two daughter minerals formed from magnesite. The sepiolite and stevensite show distinctive compositions and modes of formation compared to those described in the literature. The objective of the current study was to characterize these minerals by means of mineralogic, thermal, structural, geochemical, and textural analyses and to describe their mechanisms of formation. The geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry were examined by field work followed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential thermal (DTA), and thermogravimetric (TG) analyses. Chemical analyses were performed by means of electron microprobe (EMPA), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The XRD analyses showed that the d110 of the sepiolite was at 12.64 Å and at 13 Å after air-drying and ethylene-glycol solvation, respectively. Identification of the sepiolite as sepiolite-13 Å was supported by FTIR and TG-DTA data. Chemical analyses showed an ideal composition with a structural formula of (Ca0.05K0.02)(Mg7.79Al0.10□0.11)Si12O30(OH)4. Stevensite displayed distinctive results for XRD, FTIR, and thermal characteristics. The structural formula of stevensite was: (Ca0.01Na0.20K0.04)(Mg1.90Al0.30Fe3+0.37Ti0.01□0.43)(Si3.93Al0.07)O10(OH)2, indicating a layer charge arising mainly from octahedral sheets. Field and SEM observations demonstrated that sepiolite was formed from magnesite by transformation via a dissolution–precipitation mechanism. Descending surface waters were responsible for this transformation. Thick magnesite veins were partly replaced whereas in thin veins sepiolite replaced the overall mass. Both surface waters with high Si, low Al and Fe activities, and pH values of 8–9.5 were responsible for sepiolite formation. Stevensite was formed similarly to sepiolite with respect to the mechanism and parent mineral under permanent groundwater; where both Si, Fe, Al activities and pH (>9.5) were high.

Keywords

MagnesiteReplacementSepioliteStevensiteTransformation
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 68 , Issue 4 , August 2020 , pp. 347 - 360
Copyright
Copyright © Clay Minerals Society 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abtahi, A. (1985). Synthesis of sepiolite at room temperature from SiO2 and MgCl2 solution. Clays and Clay Minerals, 20, 521–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akbulut, A., & Kadir, S. (2003). The geology and origin of sepiolite and palygorskite and stevensite in Neogene lacustrine sediments of the Serinhisar-Acιpayam basin, Denizli, SW Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 51, 279–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
April, R. H., & Keller, D. M. (1992). Saponite and vermiculite in amygdales of the Granby basaltic tuff, Connecticut valley. Clays and Clay Minerals, 40, 22–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benhammou, A., Tanouti, B., Nibov, L., Yacoubi, A., & Bonnet, J. (2009). Mineralogical and physicochemical investigation of Mgsmectite from Jbel Ghassoul, Morocco. Clays and Clay Minerals, 57, 264–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birsoy, R. (2002). Formation of sepiolite-palygorskite and related minerals from solution. Clays and Clay Minerals, 50, 736–745.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boynton, W. V. (1984). Geochemistry of rare earth elements: Meteorite studies. In Henderson, P. (Ed.), Rare Earth Element Geochemistry (pp. 63–114). New York: Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buey, C. S., Barrios, M. S., Romero, E. G., & Montoya, M. D. (2000). Mg-rich smectite “precursor” phase in the Tagus basin, Spain. Clays and Clay Minerals, 48, 366–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chahi, A., Fritz, B., Duplay, J., Weber, F., & Lucas, J. (1997). Textural transition and genetic relationship between precursor saponite and sepiolite in lacustrine sediments (Jbel Rhassoul Morocco). Clays and Clay Minerals, 45, 378–389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christidis, G. E., & Mitsis, I. (2006). A new Ni-rich Saponite from the ophiolites complex of Othrys, Central Greece. Clays and Clay Minerals, 54, 653–666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christidis, G. E., & Koutsopoulou, E. (2013). A simple approach to the identification of trioctahedral smectites by X-ray diffraction. Clay Minerals, 48, 687–696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuevas, J., Vigil de la Villa, R., Ramirez, S., Petit, S., Meunier, A., & Leguey, S. (2003). Chemistry of Mg smectites in lacustrine sediments from the Vicalvaro sepiolite deposit, Madrid Neogene basin (Spain). Clays and Clay Minerals, 51, 457–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberl, D. D., Jones, B. F., & Khoury, H. N. (1982). Mixed layer kerolite–stevensite from the Amargosa Desert, Nevada. Clays and Clay Minerals, 30, 321–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ece, Ö.I. (1998). Diagenetic transformation of magnesite pebbles and cobles to sepiolite (meerschaum) in the Miocene Eskişehir lacustrine basin, Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 46, 436–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ece, Ö. I., & Çoban, F. (1994). Geology, occurrence and genesis of Eskişehir sepiolites, Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 42, 81–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elton, N. J., Hooper, J. J., & Holyer, A. D. (1997). An occurrence of saponite and kerolite in the Devonian Cruosa gabbro at Dean Quarry, The Lizard, Cornwall, England. Clay Minerals, 32, 241– 252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faust, G. T., & Murata, K. J. (1953). Stevensite, redefined as amember of themontmorillonite group. American Mineralogist, 38, 973–987.Google Scholar
Foster, M. (1960). Interpretation of the composition of trioctahedral micas. US Geological Survey Professional Paper, 354-B, 11–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, R. L., & Ding, Z. (2003). Controlled rate thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry of sepiolites and palygorskites. Thermochimica Acta, 397, 119–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, R. L., Cash, G. A., & Kloprogge, T. H. (1998). Rocky Mountain leather, sepiolite and attapulgite – an infrared emission spectroscopic study. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 16, 173–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, R. L., Locos, O. B., Ruan, H., & Kloprogge, T. H. (2001). Near-infrared and mid-infrared spectroscopic study of sepiolites and palygorskites. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 27, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furquim, S. A. C., Graham, R. C., Barbiero, L., Neto, J. P. Q., & Valles, V. (2008). Mineralogy and genesis of smectites in alkalinesaline environment of Pantanal wetland, Brasil. Clays and Clay Minerals, 56, 579–595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galan, E. & Castillo, A. (1984). Sepiolite-Palygorskite in Spanish Tertiary Basins; genetic patterns in continental environments. Pp. 87–124 in: Palygorskite-Sepiolite Occurrences, Genesis and Uses (Singer, A. and Galan, E., editors). Developments in Sedimentology, 37, Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Galan, E. & Pozo, M. (2011). Palygorskite and sepiolite deposits in continental environments. Description, genetic patterns and sedimentary settings. Pp. 125–173 in: Developments in Palygorskite-Sepiolite Research. A New Outlook on these Nanomaterials (Galan, E. and Singer, E., editors). Developments in Clay Science, 3, Elsevier, Amsterdam.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Güven, N. (1988). Smectites. Pp. 497–559 in: Hydrous Phyllosilicates (Exclusive of Micas) (S.W. Bailey editor). Reviews in Mineralogy, 19, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington DC, USA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hover, W. C., & Ashley, G. M. (2003). Geochemical signatures of paleo depositional environments: ASTEM/AEM study of authigenic clay minerals from an arid rift basin, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Clays and Clay Minerals, 51, 231–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imai, N., Otsuka, R., Nakamura, T., & Tsunashima, A. (1970). Saponite from the Akatani mine, Niigata Perfecture, Northeastern Japan. Clay Science, 4, 11–29.Google Scholar
$IDrkeç, T., & Ünlü, T. (1993). An example to sepiolite formation in volcanic belts by hydrothermal alteration: Kιbrsçik (Bolu). sepiolite occurrence. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 115, 49–68.Google Scholar
Jones, B.F. & Galan, E. (1988). Sepiolite and palygorskite. Pp. 631– 374 in: Hydrous Phyllosilicates (Exclusive of Micas) (Bailey, S.W., editor). Reviews in Mineralogy, 19, Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, Virginia, USA.Google Scholar
Kadir, S., & Akbulut, A. (2001). Occurrence of sepiolite in the Hιrsιzdere sedimentary magnesite deposit, Bozkurt-Denizli, SW Turkey. Carbonates andEvaporites, 14, 191–199.Google Scholar
Kadir, S., Baş, H., & Karakaş, . (2002). Origin of sepiolite and loughlinite in a Neogene volcano-sedimentary lacustrine environment, Mihakιççιk-Eskişehir, Turkey. The Canadian Mineralogist, 40, 191–1102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kadir, S., Erkoyun, H., Eren, M., Huggett, J., & Nalgil, N. (2016). Mineralogy, geochemistry, and genesis of sepiolite and palygorskite in Neogene lacustrine sediments, Eskişehir province, West Central Anatolia, Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 64, 145–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kadir, S., Eren, M., $IDrkeç, T., Erkoyun, H., Külah, T., Önalgil, N., & Hugget, J. (2017). An approach to genesis of sepiolite and palygorskite in lacustrine sediments of the Lower Pliocene Sakarya and Porsuk formations in the Sivrihisar and Yunusemre-Biçer regions (Eskişehir, Turkey). Clays and Clay Minerals, 64, 310–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karakaş, Z., & Kadir, S. (1998). Mineralogical and genetic relationships between carbonate and sepiolite-palygorskite formations in the Neogene lacustrine Konya basin, Turkey. Carbonates and Evaporites, 13, 198–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karakaya, N., Karakaya, M. N Ç., Temel, A., Küpeli, S., & Tunoğlu, C. (2004). Mineralogical and chemical characterization of sepiolite occurrences at Karapιnar (Konya basin, Turkey). Clays and Clay Minerals, 52, 495–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khoury, H. N., Eberl, D. D., & Jones, F. B. (1982). Origin of magnesium clays from the Amargosa desert, Nevada. Clays and Clay Minerals, 30, 327–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kodama, H., De Kimpe, C. R., & Dejou, J. (1988). Ferrian saponite in a gabbro saprolite at Mont Megantic, Quebec. Clays and Clay Minerals, 36, 102–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Y. S., Hu, Z. C., Gao, S., Gunther, D., Xu, J., Gao, C. G., & Chen, H. H. (2008). In situ analysis of major and trace elements of anhydrous minerals by LA-ICP-MS without applying an internal standard. Chemical Geology, 257, 34–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayayo, M. J., Bauluz, B., & Gonzalez Lopez, J. M. (2000). Variations in chemistry of smectites from the Calatayud Basin (NE Spain). Clay Minerals, 35, 365–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehra, O. P., & Jackson, M. L. (1960). Iron oxide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite-citrate system buffered with sodium bicarbonate. Clays and Clay Minerals. Proc. Natl. Conf. Clays and Clay Minerals, 7(1958), 317–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Möller, P. (1989). Minor and trace elements in magnesite. Monograph Series on Mineral Deposits, 28, 173–195.Google Scholar
Nagata, H., Shimoda, S., & Sudo, T. (1974). On dehydration of bound water of sepiolite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 22, 285–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papke, K. G. (1972). A sepiolite-rich playa deposit in southern Nevada. Clays and Clay Minerals, 20, 211–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Post, J. L. (1984). Saponite from Ballarat, California. Clays and Clay Minerals, 32, 147–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pozo, M., & Casas, J. (1999). Origin of kerolite and associated Mg clays in palustrine-lacustrine environments. The Esquivias deposit (Neogene Madrid Basin, Spain). Clay Minerals, 34, 395–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randal, B. A. O. (1959). Stevensite from Whinn Sill in the region of the North Tyne. Mineralogical Magazine, 32, 218–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rautureau, M., & Mifsud, A. (1977). Etude par microscope electronique des differents etats d'hydration de la sepiolite. Clay Minerals, 12, 309–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabah, E., & Çelik, M. S. (2002). Interaction of pyridine derivatives with sepiolite. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 251, 33–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Serna, C., Ahlrichs, J. L., & Serratosa, J. M. (1975). Folding in sepiolite crystals. Clays and Clay Minerals, 23, 452–427.Google Scholar
Siffert, B. (1962). Quelques reactions de la silice en solution; La formation des argiles. Memoires du Service de la Carte Geologique d'Alsace-Lorraine, 21, 100 pp.Google Scholar
Singer, A., Stahr, K., & Zarei, M. (1998). Characteristics and origin of sepiolite (Meerschaum) from Central Somalia. Clay Minerals, 33, 349–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoessell, R. K., & Hay, R. L. (1978). The geochemical origin of sepiolite and kerolite at Amboseli, Kenya. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 65, 255–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suarez, M., & Garcia-Romero, E. (2006). FTIR spectroscopic study of palygorskite: Influence of the composition of the octahedral sheet. Applied Clay Science, 31, 154–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tettenhorst, R., & Moore, G. E. (1978). Stevensite oolites from Green River formation, Central Utah. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 48, 587–594.Google Scholar
Tuncay, A. (2000). On the origin of the Çayιrbağι-Meram (Konya) magnesite deposits. Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 43, 21–31.Google Scholar
Weaver, C.D. & Pollard, L.D. (1973). The Chemistry of Clay Minerals. Developments in Sedimentology, 15. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 213 pp.Google Scholar
Wollast, R., Mackenzie, F. T., & Bricker, D. P. (1968). Experimental precipitation and genesis of sepiolite at earth surface conditions. American Mineralogist, 53, 1645–1661.Google Scholar
Wouters, M., Rentrop, C., & Willemsen, P. (2010). Surface structuring and coating performance Novel biocide free nanocomposite coatings with anti-fouling and fouling-release properties. Progress in Organic Coatings, 68, 4–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yalçn, H., & Bozkaya, Ö. (1995). Sepiolite and palygorskite from the Hekimhan region (Turkey). Clays and Clay Minerals, 43, 705–717.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yalçn, H., & Bozkaya, Ö. (2004). Ultramafic-rock-hosted vein sepiolite occurrences in the Ankara ophiolitic mélange, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 52, 227–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeniyol, M. (1982). Yunak (Konya) magnezitlerinin oluşum sorunlarι, değerlendirilmeleri ve yöre kayaçlarnn petrojenezi. $IDstanbul Yerbilimleri, 3, 21–51.Google Scholar
Yeniyol, M. (1986). Vein-like sepiolite occurrence as a replacement of magnesite in Konya, Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 34, 353–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeniyol, M. (1992). Geology, mineralogy and genesis of the Yenidoğan (Sivrihisar). sepiolite deposit. Mineral Research and Exploration Bulletin of Turkey, 114, 71–84.Google Scholar
Yeniyol, M. (1993). Meerschaum sepiolite and palygorskite occurrence in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Pp. 378–382 in: Clays: Controlling the Environment; Proceedings of 10th International Clay Conference, Adelaide.Google Scholar
Yeniyol, M. (1997). The mineralogy and economic importance of a loughlinite deposit at Eskisehir, Turkey. Pp. 83–88 in: Clays: For Our Future; Proceedings of the 11th International Clay Conference, Ottawa.Google Scholar
Yeniyol, M. (2007). Characterization of a Mg-rich and low-charged saponite from the Neogene lacustrine basin of Eskişehir, Turkey. Clay Minerals, 42, 541–548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeniyol, M. (2012). Geology and mineralogy of a sepiolitepalygorskite occurrence from SW Eskişehir (Turkey). Clay Minerals, 47, 93–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeniyol, M. (2014). Characterization of two forms of sepiolite and related Mg-rich minerals from Yenidoğan (Sivrihisar, Turkey). Clay Minerals, 49, 91–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeniyol, M. & Öztunalι, Ö. (1985). Yunak sepiolitinin mineralojisi ve oluşumu. 2. Ulusal Kil Sempozyumu, s. 171–186, AnkaraGoogle Scholar