Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Geotechnical Investigations on Marine Clay Stabilized Using Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Cement

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Marine clay is present along the coastal region all around the world. This soil is highly problematic and unfit to support any engineering structures. They are characterized by high liquid limit, high plasticity index with low shear strength and high compressibility. The primary by-product generated from the ferrous industry is granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), and CaO present in GBFS acts as a binding agent. This paper describes the detailed experimental results by incorporation of GBFS and cement to the marine clay. Soil was replaced by GBFS in various percentages (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) and addition of cement (2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) in percentage of dry weight of soil. Soil and various mixtures are examined for its geotechnical properties, which include specific gravity, consistency limits, compaction characteristics, unconfined compression strength and strength parameters. From the unconfined compression test results, 40% GBFS replacing the marine clay is concluded as the optimum mix. Improvement in the strength is due to the formation of CSH, CAH, CASH and other cementitious compounds which are observed in SEM and XRD studies. From the investigation, it is concluded that GBFS with or without cement can be used as a potential stabilizer for soft marine clay.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Shen Z, Cao Y, Fang L (2017) Experimental investigation of rapid stabilization of soft clay soils using chemical admixtures. Soil Mech Found Eng 54:202–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11204-017-9459-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Yi Y, Li C, Liu S (2014) Alkali-activated ground-granulated blast furnace slag for stabilization of marine soft clay. J Mater Civ Eng 27:04014146. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Al-Bared MAM, Marto A, Latifi N (2018) Utilization of recycled tiles and tyres in stabilization of soils and production of construction materials—a state-of-the-art review. KSCE J Civ Eng 22:3860–3874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-018-1532-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Mirzababaei M, Arulrajah A, Horpibulsuk S et al (2018) Stabilization of soft clay using short fibers and poly vinyl alcohol. Geotext Geomembranes 46:646–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2018.05.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Pourakbar S, Asadi A, Huat BBK (2015) Transportation Geotechnics Stabilization of clayey soil using ultrafine palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and cement. Transp Geotech 3:24–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2015.01.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Joseph A, Sankar SCN (2018) Performance of compacted lime column and lime-fly ash column techniques for cochin marine clays. Int J Geosynth Ground Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-018-0147-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Rao SM, Sridharan A, Chandrakaran S (1990) Engineering behavior of uplifted smectite-rich Cochin and Mangalore marine clays. Mar Geotechnol 9:243–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641199009388243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Jose BT, Sridharan A, Abraham BM (1988) A study of geotechnical properties of Cochin marine clays. Mar Geotechnol 7:189–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641198809388216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Lin D, Lin K, Hung M, Luo H (2007) Sludge ash/hydrated lime on the geotechnical properties of soft soil. J Hazard Mater 145:58–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.10.087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Yong RN, Ouhadi VR (2007) Experimental study on instability of bases on natural and lime/cement-stabilized clayey soils. Appl Clay Sci 35:238–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2006.08.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Baldovino JA, Moreira EB, Teixeira W et al (2018) Effects of lime addition on geotechnical properties of sedimentary soil. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 10:188–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.10.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Sekhar C, Nayak S (2017) SEM and XRD investigations on lithomargic clay stabilized using granulated blast furnace slag and cement. Int J Geotech Eng 6362:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2017.1380355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Ali M, Saberian M, Li J (2018) Transportation Geotechnics Soil stabilization with non-conventional eco-friendly agricultural waste materials: an experimental study. Transp Geotech 14:52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2017.09.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Sekhar C, Nayak S (2018) Utilization of granulated blast furnace slag and cement in the manufacture of compressed stabilized earth blocks. Constr Build Mater 166:531–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Patra RK, Mukharjee BB (2017) Influence of incorporation of granulated blast furnace slag as replacement of fine aggregate on properties of concrete. J Clean Prod 165:468–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Metals P-II (2015) Indian Minerals Yearbook 2014. 2014:1–8

  17. Kavak A, Bilgen G (2016) Reuse of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) in lime stabilized embankment materials. IJET. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJET.2016.V8.850

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Sekhar DC, Nayak S, Preetham HK (2017) Influence of granulated blast furnace slag and cement on the strength properties of lithomargic clay. Indian Geotech J 47:384–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-017-0228-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Yi Y, Gu L, Liu S (2015) Microstructural and mechanical properties of marine soft clay stabilized by lime-activated ground granulated blastfurnace slag. Appl Clay Sci 103:71–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.11.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Nidzam RM (2010) Sustainable soil stabilisation with blastfurnace slag—a review. Proc Inst Civ Eng Constr Mater 1951:157–165. https://doi.org/10.1680/coma.2010.163.3.157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Nayak S, Sarvade PG (2012) Effect of cement and quarry dust on shear strength and hydraulic characteristics of lithomargic clay. Geotech Geol Eng 30:419–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-011-9477-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Soosan TG, Sridharan A, Jose BT, Abraham BM (2005) Utilization of quarry dust to improve the geotechnical properties of soils in highway construction. Geotech Test J 28:391–400

    Google Scholar 

  23. Johnson O (2010) Suitability of quarry dust as improvement to cement stabilized-laterite for road bases. Electron J Geotech Eng 15:1053–1066

    Google Scholar 

  24. Nguyen TTM, Rabbanifar S, Brake NA et al (2018) Stabilization of silty clayey dredged material. J Mater Civ Eng 30:04018199. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Venkateswarlu D, Anjan Kumar M, Prasada Raju GVR, Prasad DSV (2014) A study on the lime—cement stabilized marine clay. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol Environ Sci 16:437–442

    Google Scholar 

  26. Etim RK, Eberemu AO, Osinubi KJ (2017) Stabilization of black cotton soil with lime and iron ore tailings admixture. Transp Geotech 10:85–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2017.01.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Jan OQ, Mir BA (2018) Strength behaviour of cement stabilised dredged soil. Int J Geosynth Ground Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-018-0133-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Choobbasti AJ, Kutanaei SS (2017) Microstructure characteristics of cement-stabilized sandy soil using nanosilica. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 9:981–988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.03.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, 575 025, India

    H. K. Preetham & Sitaram Nayak

Authors
  1. H. K. Preetham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sitaram Nayak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to H. K. Preetham.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Preetham, H.K., Nayak, S. Geotechnical Investigations on Marine Clay Stabilized Using Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Cement. Int. J. of Geosynth. and Ground Eng. 5, 28 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-019-0179-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-019-0179-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation