Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Identification of Yersinia at the Species and Subspecies Levels Is Challenging

  • Foodborne Pathogens (S Johler, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Clinical Microbiology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

The genus Yersinia currently includes 18 species, of which Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis are enteropathogenic. The identification of Y. enterocolitica in particular is very demanding because it consists of a group of very heterogeneous bacteria, including pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains. In this study, we provide recent information on the characteristics and identification of Yersinia spp. and the sources of enteropathogenic Yersinia spp.

Recent Findings

Identification of Yersinia spp. is still mainly based on biochemical tests and serotyping, but molecular methods have increasingly also been used. Pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains of different bioserotypes have newly been identified from various animal sources. Moreover, the virulence gene ail has been detected in non-pathogenic Yersinia strains, especially from wild animals.

Summary

Correct identification of pathogenic Yersinia strains is essential in assessing the health risk for humans and animals. Sequencing the whole genome enables more accurate identification of enteropathogenic Yersinia spp.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance

  1. • McNally A, Thomson NR, Reuter S, Wren BW. ‘Add, stir and reduce’: Yersinia spp. as model bacteria for pathogen evolution. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016;14(3):177–90. This is an informative Yersinia review.

  2. Fredriksson-Ahomaa M. Enteropathogenic Yersinia spp. In: Sing A, editor. Zoonoses-infections affecting humans and animals. 1st ed. London: Springer; 2015. p. 213–34.

    Google Scholar 

  3. • Le Guern A, Martin L, Savin C, Carniel E. Yersiniosis in France: overview and potential sources of infection. Int J Infect Dis. 2016;46:1–7. This is a good study on epidemiology of pathogenic Yersinia.

  4. EFSA and ECDC. The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2015. EFSA J. 2016;14:4634.

    Google Scholar 

  5. • Hall M, Chattaway MA, Reuter S, Savin C, Strauch E, Carniel E, et al. Use of whole-genus genome sequence data to develop a multilocus sequence typing tool that accurately identifies Yersinia isolates to the species and subspecies levels. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53(1):35–42. This is an informative phylogenetic study on Yersinia using wgMLST.

  6. Fredriksson-Ahomaa M. Chapter 9—Yersinia enterocolitica. In: Dodd CER, Aldsworth T, Stein RA, Cliver DO, Riemann HP, editors. Foodborne diseases. 3rd ed. London: Academic Press; 2017. p. 223–33.

  7. Bottone EJ. Yersinia enterocolitica: revisitation of an enduring human pathogen. Clin Microbiol Newsl. 2015;37(1):1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Petersen JM, Gladney LM, Schriefer ME. Yersinia. In: Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Carrol KC, Funke G, Landry ML, Richter SS, et al., editors. Manual of clinical microbiology. 11th ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2015. p. 738–51.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. Johnson SL, Daligault HE, Davenport KW, Jaissle J, Frey KG, Ladner JT, et al. Thirty-two complete genome assemblies of nine Yersinia species, including Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. enterocolitica. Genome Announc. 2015;3(2) https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.00148-15.

  10. Rakin A, Garzetti D, Bouabe H, Sprague LD. Yersinia enterocolitica. In: Tang Y, Sussman M, Liu D, Poxton I, Schwartzman J, editors. Molecular medical microbiology. 2nd ed: Elsevier; 2014. p. 1319–44.

  11. Savin C, Martin L, Bouchier C, Filali S, Chenau J, Zhou Z, et al. The Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex: characterization and delineation of a new species, Yersinia wautersii. Int J Med Microbiol. 2014;304(3–4):452–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Neubauer H, Sprague LD. Strains of Yersinia wautersii should continue to be classified as the ‘Korean Group’ of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex and not as a separate species. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2015;65:732–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hurst MRH, Beattie A, Altermann E, Moraga RM, Harper LA, Calder J, et al. The draft genome sequence of the Yersinia entomophaga entomopathogenic type strain MH96T. Toxins. 2016;8(5):143.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Reuter S, Connor TR, Barquist L, Walker D, Feltwell T, Harris SR, et al. Parallel independent evolution of pathogenicity within the genus Yersinia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(18):6768–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Murros A, Sade E, Johansson P, Korkeala H, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Bjorkroth J. Characterization of European Yersinia enterocolitica 1A strains using restriction fragment length polymorphism and multilocus sequence analysis. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2016;63(4):282–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Sihvonen LM, Jalkanen K, Huovinen E, Toivonen S, Corander J, Kuusi M, et al. Clinical isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1A represent two phylogenetic lineages with differing pathogenicity-related properties. BMC Microbiol. 2012;12:208.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. von Altrock A, Seinige D, Kehrenberg C. Yersinia enterocolitica isolates from wild boars hunted in lower Saxony, Germany. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015;81(14):4835–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Rusak LA, Junqueira RM, Hofer E, Vallim DC, Asensi MD. Next-generation sequencing virulome analysis of a Yersinia enterocolitica subsp. palearctica bioserotype 4/O:3 ST18 isolated from human blood in Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis. 2017;21:550–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Timchenko NF, Adgamov RR, Popov AF, Psareva EK, Sobyanin KA, Gintsburg AL, et al. Far East scarlet-like fever caused by a few related genotypes of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Russia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(3):503–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Williamson DA, Baines SL, Carter GP, da Silva AG, Ren X, Sherwood J, et al. Genomic insights into a sustained national outbreak of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Genome Biol Evol. 2016;8(12):3806–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Laukkanen-Ninios R, Didelot X, Jolley KA, Morelli G, Sangal V, Kristo P, et al. Population structure of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex according to multilocus sequence typing. Environ Microbiol. 2011;13(12):3114–27.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Duan R, Liang J, Shi G, Cui Z, Hai R, Wang P, et al. Homology analysis of pathogenic Yersinia species Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Yersinia pestis based on multilocus sequence typing. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(1):20–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Murros-Kontiainen A, Johansson P, Niskanen T, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Korkeala H, Björkroth J. Yersinia pekkanenii sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2011;61(10):2363–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Murros-Kontiainen A, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Korkeala H, Johansson P, Rahkila R, Bjorkroth J. Yersinia nurmii sp nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2011;61:2368–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kotetishvili M, Kreger A, Wauters G, Morris JG, Sulakvelidze A, Stine OC. Multilocus sequence typing for studying genetic relationships among Yersinia species. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(6):2674–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Merhej V, Adekambi T, Pagnier I, Raoult D, Drancourt M. Yersinia massiliensis sp nov., isolated from fresh water. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2008;58:779–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Petsios S, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Sakkas H, Papadopoulou C. Conventional and molecular methods used in the detection and subtyping of Yersinia enterocolitica in food. Int J Food Microbiol. 2016;237:55–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. ISO. Microbiology of the food chain—horizontal method for the detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica (ISO 10273). ISO; 2017, pp. 1–47.

  29. Bonardi S, Bruini I, D'Incau M, Van Damme I, Carniel E, Bremont S, et al. Detection, seroprevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in pig tonsils in Northern Italy. Int J Food Microbiol. 2016;235:125–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Schneeberger M, Brodard I, Overesch G. Virulence-associated gene pattern of porcine and human Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 4 isolates. Int J Food Microbiol. 2015;198:70–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Jamali H, Paydar M, Radmehr B, Ismail S. Prevalence, characterization, and antimicrobial resistance of Yersinia species and Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from raw milk in farm bulk tanks. J Dairy Sci. 2015;98(2):798–803.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Marimon JM, Figueroa R, Idigoras P, Gomariz M, Alkorta M, Cilla G, et al. Thirty years of human infections caused by Yersinia enterocolitica in northern Spain: 1985-2014. Epidemiol Infect. 2017;145(11):2197–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Heroven AK, Dersch P. Coregulation of host-adapted metabolism and virulence by pathogenic yersiniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2014;4:146.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Magistrali CF, Cucco L, Pezzotti G, Farneti S, Cambiotti V, Catania S, et al. Characterisation of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis isolated from animals with yersiniosis during 1996-2013 indicates the presence of pathogenic and Far Eastern strains in Italy. Vet Microbiol. 2015;180(1–2):161–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Amphlett A. Far East scarlet-like fever: a review of the epidemiology, symptomatology, and role of superantigenic toxin: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-derived mitogen A. Open Forum Inf Dis. 2016;3(1):202.

  36. Garzetti D, Susen R, Fruth A, Tietze E, Heesemann J, Rakin A. A molecular scheme for Yersinia enterocolitica patho-serotyping derived from genome-wide analysis. Int J Med Microbiol. 2014;304(3–4):275–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Bancerz-Kisiel A, Platt-Samoraj A, Szczerba-Turek A, Syczylo K, Szweda W. The first pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica bioserotype 4/O:3 strain isolated from a hunted wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Poland. Epidemiol Infect. 2015;143(13):2758–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Joutsen S, Laukkanen-Ninios R, Henttonen H, Niemimaa J, Voutilainen L, Kallio ER, et al. Yersinia spp. in wild rodents and shrews in Finland. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2017;17(5):303–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Joutsen S, Eklund K, Laukkanen-Ninios R, Stephan R, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M. Sheep carrying pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica bioserotypes 2/O:9 and 5/O:3 in the feces at slaughter. Vet Microbiol. 2016;197:78–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Nousiainen L, Joutsen S, Lunden J, Hänninen M, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M. Bacterial quality and safety of packaged fresh leafy vegetables at the retail level in Finland. Int J Food Microbiol. 2016;232:73–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Liang J, Duan R, Xia S, Hao Q, Yang J, Xiao Y, et al. Ecology and geographic distribution of Yersinia enterocolitica among livestock and wildlife in China. Vet Microbiol. 2015;178(1–2):125–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Rouffaer LO, Baert K, Van den Abeele A, Cox I, Vanantwerpen G, De Zutter L, et al. Low prevalence of human enteropathogenic Yersinia spp. in brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Flanders. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0175648.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Zinczuk J, Wojskowicz P, Kisluk J, Fil D, Kemona A, Dadan J. Mesenteric lymphadenitis caused by Yersinia enterocolitica. Prz Gastroenterol. 2015;10(2):118–21.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Saraka D, Savin C, Kouassi S, Cisse B, Koffi E, Cabanel N, et al. Yersinia enterocolitica, a neglected cause of human enteric infections in Cote d’Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(1):e0005216.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Martin L, Cabanel N, Lesoille C, Menard T, Carniel E. Investigation of an unusual increase in human yersinioses in Creuse, France. Int J Infect Dis. 2015;34:76–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Minami K, Yasuda R, Terakawa R, Koike Y, Takeuchi K, Higuchi T, et al. Four sporadic pediatric cases of Yersinia enterocolitica O:8 infection in a rural area of Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2017;70(2):192–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Parn T, Hallanvuo S, Salmenlinna S, Pihlajasaari A, Heikkinen S, Telkki-Nykanen H, et al. Outbreak of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O:1 infection associated with raw milk consumption, Finland, spring 2014. Eurosurv. 2015;20(40):13–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Laporte J, Savin C, Lamourette P, Devilliers K, Volland H, Carniel E, et al. Fast and sensitive detection of enteropathogenic Yersinia by immunoassays. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53(1):146–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Tan LK, Ooi PT, Carniel E, Thong KL. Evaluation of a modified cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin agar for isolation of Yersinia spp. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e106329.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Thuan NK, Naher K, Kubo R, Taniguchi T, Hayashidani H. Evaluation of chromogenic medium for selective isolation of Yersinia. Food Hyg Safe Sci. 2016;57(5):166–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Fogelson SB, Yau W, Rissi DR. Disseminated Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection in a paca (Cuniculus paca). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2015;46(1):130–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Gupta V, Gulati P, Bhagat N, Dhar MS, Virdi JS. Detection of Yersinia enterocolitica in food: an overview. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;34(4):641–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Hao H, Liang J, Duan R, Chen Y, Liu C, Xiao Y, et al. Yersinia spp. identification using copy diversity in the chromosomal 16S rRNA gene sequence. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0147639.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Lasch P, Drevinek M, Nattermann H, Grunow R, Stämmler M, Dieckmann R, et al. Characterization of Yersinia using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and chemometrics. Anal Chem. 2010;82(20):8464–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Rizzardi K, Wahab T, Jernberg C. Rapid subtyping of Yersinia enterocolitica by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for diagnostics and surveillance. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(12):4200–3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Stephan R, Cernela N, Ziegler D, Pflueger V, Tonolla M, Ravasi D, et al. Rapid species specific identification and subtyping of Yersinia enterocolitica by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. J Microbiol Methods. 2011;87(2):150–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Bozcal E, Uzel A, Aydemir S, Skurnik M. Isolation of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains from different sources in Izmir region, Turkey. Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2015;60(6):523–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Ayyadurai S, Flaudrops C, Raoult D, Drancourt M. Rapid identification and typing of Yersinia pestis and other Yersinia species by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. BMC Microbiol. 2010;10:285.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Maiden MCJ, Van Rensburg MJJ, Bray JE, Earle SG, Ford SA, Jolley KA, et al. MLST revisited: the gene-by-gene approach to bacterial genomics. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013;11(10):728–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Ye Q, Wu Q, Hu H, Zhang J, Huang H. Prevalence and characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from retail foods in China. Food Control. 2016;61:20–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Szulowski K, Weiner M, Iwaniak W. Occurrence of Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 in feces from cows seropositive for brucellosis. Med Weter. 2014;70(1):42–5.

    Google Scholar 

  62. O'Grady D, Kenny K, Power S, Egan J, Ryan F. Detection of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 in the faeces of cattle with false positive reactions in serological tests for brucellosis in Ireland. Vet J. 2016;216:133–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Alenizi D, Ringwood T, Redhwan A, Bouraha B, Wren BW, Prentice M, et al. All Yersinia enterocolitica are pathogenic: virulence of phylogroup 1 Y. enterocolitica in a Galleria mellonella infection model. Microbiol SGM. 2016;162(8):1379–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Frazao MR, Falcao JP. Genotypic diversity and pathogenic potential of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 2 strains isolated in Brazil. J Appl Microbiol. 2015;118(4):1058–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Arrausi-Subiza M, Gerrikagoitia X, Alvarez V, Ibabe JC, Barral M. Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in wild boars in the Basque Country, northern Spain. Acta Vet Scand. 2016;58:4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Lorencova A, Babak V, Lamka J. Serological prevalence of enteropathogenic Yersinia spp. in pigs and wild boars from different production systems in the Moravian region, Czech Republic. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2016;13(5):275–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Felin E, Jukola E, Raulo S, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M. Meat juice serology and improved food chain information as control tools for pork-related public health hazards. Zoonoses Public Health. 2015;62(6):456–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Vanantwerpen G, Van Damme I, De Zutter L, Houf K. Seroprevalence of enteropathogenic Yersinia spp. in pig batches at slaughter. Prev Vet Med. 2014;116(1–2):193–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Dalby T, Rasmussen E, Schiellerup P, Krogfelt KA. Development of an LPS-based ELISA for diagnosis of Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 infections in Danish patients: a follow-up study. BMC Microbiol. 2017;17:125.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Sannö A, Aspán A, Hestvik G, Jacobson M. Presence of Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in wild boars. Epidemiol Infect. 2014;142(12):2542–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Zdolec N, Dobranic V, Filipovic I. Prevalence of Salmonella spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica in/on tonsils and mandibular lymph nodes of slaughtered pigs. Folia Microbiol. 2015;60(2):131–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Van Damme I, Berkvens D, Vanantwerpen G, Bare J, Houf K, Wauters G, et al. Contamination of freshly slaughtered pig carcasses with enteropathogenic Yersinia spp.: distribution, quantification and identification of risk factors. Int J Food Microbiol. 2015;204:33–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Ibanez TR, Laukkanen-Ninios R, Hakkinen M, Johansson T, Vilar M, Korkeala H. Prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in finnish slaughter pigs. J Food Prot. 2016;79(4):677–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Nakamura S, Hayashidani H, Yonezawa A, Suzuki I, Une Y. Yersiniosis due to infection by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 4b in captive meerkats (Suricata suricatta) in Japan. J Vet Diagn Investig. 2015;27(5):641–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Nakamura S, Hayashidani H, Okabe N, Une Y. Aberrant forms of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis as spheroplasts and filaments in yersiniosis in squirrel monkeys. Vet Pathol. 2015;52(2):393–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Nakamura S, Hayashidani H, Sotohira Y, Une Y. Yersiniosis caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in captive toucans (Ramphastidae) and a Japanese squirrel (Sciurus lis) in zoological gardens in Japan. J Vet Med Sci. 2016;78(2):297–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Kameyama M, Yabata J, Obane N, Otsuka H, Nomura Y. Detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in pet Djungarian hamsters in Japan. J Vet Med Sci. 2016;78(10):1639–41.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Galosi L, Farneti S, Rossi G, Cork SC, Ferraro S, Magi GE, et al. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, serogroup O:1a, infection in two amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva and Amazona oratrix) with hepatic hemosiderosis. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2015;46(3):588–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Oda S, Kabeya H, Sato S, Shimonagane A, Inoue K, Hayashidani H, et al. Isolation of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica 1B/O:8 from Apodemus mice in Japan. J Wildl Dis. 2015;51(1):260–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Laukkanen-Ninios R, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Maijala R, Korkeala H. High prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in pig cheeks. Food Microbiol. 2014;43:50–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Wacheck S, Bonke R, Stephan R. Different enteropathogenic Yersinia strains found in wild boars and domestic pigs. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2011;8(6):733–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Yang R, Ryan U, Gardner G, Carmichael I, Campbell AJD, Jacobson C. Prevalence, faecal shedding and genetic characterisation of Yersinia spp. in sheep across four states of Australia. Aust Vet J 2016;94(8):273–273.

  83. Platt-Samoraj A, Syczylo K, Szczerba-Turek A, Bancerz-Kisiel A, Jablonski A, Labuc S, et al. Presence of ail and ystB genes in Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1A isolates from game animals in Poland. Vet J. 2017;221:11–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Stoute ST, Cooper GL, Bickford AA, Carnaccini S, Shivaprasad HL, Sentíes-Cué CG. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in Eurasian collared doves (Streptopelia decaocto) and retrospective study of avian yersiniosis at the California animal health and food safety laboratory system (1990-2015). Avian Dis. 2016;60(1):82–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014, Helsinki, Finland

    Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa, Suvi Joutsen & Riikka Laukkanen-Ninios

  2. Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, 00790, Helsinki, Finland

    Suvi Joutsen & Riikka Laukkanen-Ninios

Authors
  1. Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Suvi Joutsen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Riikka Laukkanen-Ninios
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Dr. Joutsen reports grants from the Finnish Cultural Foundation, during the conduct of the study.

Drs. Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa and Riikka Laukkanen-Ninios declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Foodborne Pathogens

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Fredriksson-Ahomaa, M., Joutsen, S. & Laukkanen-Ninios, R. Identification of Yersinia at the Species and Subspecies Levels Is Challenging. Curr Clin Micro Rpt 5, 135–142 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40588-018-0088-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40588-018-0088-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation