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Stem anatomy diversity in Iresine (Amaranthaceae s.l.): an ecological interpretation

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Abstract

Iresine is an American genus that belongs to Amaranthaceae s.l. To understand its stem anatomy and correlation with the habit and habitat, a comparative study was carried out. We present the most extensive stem anatomical survey of Iresine to date. Our observations agree with wood descriptions for other Amaranthaceae having simple perforation plates, intervessel pits alternate and nucleated fibers. Few species showed distinctive growth rings. Rays are heterocellular, multiseriate with meristematic centers. The occurrence of rays with meristematic centers is not related to habit or habitat, but suggests that water and photosynthates movement is complex through the axial–radial system. Species studied have successive cambia in concentric bands or patches. Seven species have distinctive characters as for I. latifolia (M.Martens & Galeotti) Hook.f. with two or three pairs pith bundles, I. rzedowskii Zumaya, Flores Olv. & Borsch with a thick periderm and I. cassiniiformis S.Schauer with lignified pith. Not all quantitative wood features follow the trends expected with habit but significant differences exist (P > 0.05) for some as fiber length. The tree species has the widest vessel diameter (81 µm) and the longest fiber length (570 µm), and shrubs show the highest variation. Canonical correlation analysis allowed to identifying that mean annual temperature, longitude and annual rainfall have an impact in the wood of Iresine species, especially in vessel and fiber wall thickness, intervessel pit diameter and fiber length. Iresine wood appears to be more susceptible to changes of mean annual temperature and precipitation showing its plasticity.

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Acknowledgements

We thank CIBNOR, CICY, IBUG, MEXU and ZEA for giving access to herbarium material of Iresine wood. We are grateful to the Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas (PCB) de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and CONACYT (164721) for support during the graduate studies of SZ-M. We thank Hilda Flores Olvera and Guillermo Angeles for comments to an early version of this manuscript, Hermila Álvarez Medina, Álvaro Campos Villanueva, Pablo Carrillo Reyes, Arturo Castro, Reymundo Domínguez, Oscar Farrera Sarmiento, Jesús Guadalupe González Gallegos, Omar Ibarrarán Madrigal, David Juárez Gutiérrez, José Luis León de la Luz, Mauricio Mora-Jarvio, Arturo Mora-Olivo for help during field work, Enrique Ortiz for generating the environmental data and Julio Cesar Montero-Rojas for art work.

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  1. Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico

    Silvia Zumaya-Mendoza & Teresa Terrazas

  2. Unidad de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico

    Silvia Aguilar-Rodríguez

  3. Instituto de Investigación de Zonas Desérticas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 78377, San Luis Potosí, Mexico

    Laura Yáñez-Espinosa

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  1. Silvia Zumaya-Mendoza
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  4. Teresa Terrazas
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SZ-M and TT designed the work and wrote the paper. SZ-M collected the material. SA-R and LY-E helped with the analyses, and all authors have read and approved and revised the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Silvia Zumaya-Mendoza.

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Zumaya-Mendoza, S., Aguilar-Rodríguez, S., Yáñez-Espinosa, L. et al. Stem anatomy diversity in Iresine (Amaranthaceae s.l.): an ecological interpretation. Braz. J. Bot 42, 329–344 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-019-00530-5

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