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Nephroprotective effect of Vanillic acid in STZ-induced diabetic rats

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Abstract

Purpose

To investigate the protective effect of vanillic acid (VA) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) in rats.

Methods

Experimental diabetes mellitus in rats was induced by intraperitoneally administration of single dose of STZ (55 mg/kg). The animals were divided into 5 groups viz., normal control, diabetic control, glimepiride (0.5 mg/kg, orally) and VA treatment (50 and 100 mg/kg, orally) groups. The treatment was started after the confirmation of hyperglycemia (> 250 mg/dl) and continued for 6 weeks. Serum glucose level, and body weight were measured weekly. At the end of study, HbA1c in whole blood, insulin, lipid profile, urea, creatinine and albumin in serum. Creatinine and albumin were measured in urine along with creatinine clearance. In addition, kidney weight and histopathology were assessed.

Results

Treatment with VA markedly attenuated STZ-induced body weight loss and hyperglycemia, along with improved lipid profile and HbA1c, without significant alteration of serum insulin levels. It also decreased urea, creatinine and increased albumin in serum. Moreover, VA, significantly reduced urine volume, urinary albumin along with marked improvement in creatinine clearance. Further, the VA treatment significantly reverse the raised levels of oxidative stress markers, pro-inflammatory and fibrotic markers viz. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β1 and NFκB activity in kidney tissue. These effects are associated with amelioration of histopathological alterations compared to diabetic control rats. While glimepiride produced similar antihyperglycemic effect but the effect on albuminuria, oxidative stress markers and cytokine levels were less significant as compared to VA (100 mg/kg).

Conclusions

In conclusion, VA exhibited nephroprotective effect through amelioration of kidney dysfunction and damage in diabetic rats. The observed nephroprotective effect of VA may be ascribed to inhibition of hyperglycemia induced oxido-inflammatory stress and necroptosis of renal tissue possibly due to its antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Chairman, CT Group of Institutions, Jalandhar, Director, CT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jalandhar and IKG- PTU (Punjab Technical University), Jalandhar, Kapurthala, India for providing necessary facilities to complete the research work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology, IKG-PTU (Punjab Technical University), Jalandhar, Kapurthala, 144603, Punjab, India

    Savita Kumari

  2. Department of Pharmacology, CT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shahpur, Jalandhar, Punjab, India

    Savita Kumari

  3. Department of Pharmacy, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Landran, Mohali, 140307, Punjab, India

    Anjoo Kamboj

  4. Department of Pharmacology, Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development Aamkho, Gwalior, 474009, M.P, India

    Manish Wanjari

  5. Department of Pharmacognosy, R&D, AIMIL Pharmaceuticals (India) Ltd, New Delhi, 110008, India

    Anil Kumar Sharma

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Correspondence to Anjoo Kamboj.

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Animal ethics

Animals used for experiments were acclimatized for 10 days before starting the study. They received humane care, standard pellet chow, purified water ad libitum and were maintained under controlled environmental conditions of temperature (22 ± 3 °C) and relative humidity (55 ± 5 %) under 12 h light/dark cycle. The experimental protocol [Proposal No. IAEC-CTIPS/2019/XI/0070(PCL-D)] was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee and the experiments were performed in accordance with use and care guidelines prescribed by the Committee for the purpose of control and supervision of experiments on animals (CPCSEA), Government of India.

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Kumari, S., Kamboj, A., Wanjari, M. et al. Nephroprotective effect of Vanillic acid in STZ-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes Metab Disord 20, 571–582 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-021-00782-7

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