Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Influence of heat control on hydrogen distribution in high-strength multi-layer welds with narrow groove

  • Research Paper
  • Published:
Welding in the World Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

High-strength low-alloyed (HSLA) steels with yield strength ≥ 690 MPa are gaining popularity in civil engineering and construction of heavy vehicles. With increasing yield strength, the susceptibility for degradation of the mechanical properties in the presence of diffusible hydrogen, i.e., hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC), generally increases. HAC is a result of the critical interaction between local microstructure, mechanical load, and hydrogen concentration. In existing standards for welding of HSLA-steels, recommendations including working temperatures and dehydrogenation heat treatment (DHT) are given to limit the amount of introduced hydrogen during welding. These recommendations are based on investigations into conventional arc welding processes. In the past decade, modern weld technologies were developed to enable welding of narrower weld seams with V-grooves of 30°, e.g., the modified spray arc process. In that connection, a reduced number of weld runs and weld volume are important technical and, economic benefits. In the present study, the hydrogen distribution in S960QL multi-layer welds with thickness of 20 mm was analyzed. The influence of different weld seam opening angles, heat input, working temperature and DHT were investigated. The results show that weldments with narrow grooves contained an increased amount of diffusible hydrogen. Hydrogen concentration has been reduced by decreasing both the heat input and working temperature. Hydrogen-free weldments were only achieved via subsequent DHT after welding. Furthermore, hydrogen distribution was experimentally determined across the weld seam thickness in HSLA gas metal arc welded multi-layer welds for the first time.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ahlblom B, Hansson P, Narström T (2007) Martensitic structural steels for increased strength and wear resistance. Mater Sci Forum 539-543:4515–4520. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.539-543.4515

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Hulka K, Kern A, Schriever U (2005) Application of niobium in quenched and tempered high-strength steels. Mater Sci Forum 500-501:519–526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Gliner RE (2011) Welding of advanced high-strength sheet steels. Weld Int 25(5):389–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2011.554234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Rhode M, Steger J, Boellinghaus T, Kannengiesser T (2016) Hydrogen degradation effects on mechanical properties in T24 weld microstructures. Weld World 60(2):201–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-015-0285-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Zimmer P, Seeger DM, Boellinghaus T (2005) Hydrogen permeation and related material properties of high strength structural steels. In: High strength steels for hydropower plants, Design Concepts – Pressure conduits: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference. Verlag der Techn. Univ. Graz, Graz, pp 17-1-18

  6. Fydrych D, Świerczyńska A, Tomków J (2014) Diffusible hydrogen control in flux cored arc welding process. Key Eng Mater 597:171–178. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.597.171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Pitrun M, Nolan D, Dunne D (2004) Diffusible hydrogen content in rutile flux-cored arc welds as a function of the welding parameters. Weld World 48(1–2):2–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03266408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Schaupp T, Rhode M, Kannengiesser T (2018) Influence of welding parameters on diffusible hydrogen content in high-strength steel welds using modified spray arc process. Weld World 62(1):9–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-017-0535-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Boellinghaus T, Hoffmeister H, Schubert C (1995) Finite element analysis of hydrogen distribution in butt joints. In: Trends in welding research, proceedings of the 4th International Conference, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, USA

  10. Mente T, Boellinghaus T, Schmitz-Niederau M (2012) Heat treatment effects on the reduction of hydrogen in multi-layer high-strength weld joints. Weld World 56(7–8):26–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03321362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Steppan E, Mente T, Böllinghaus T (2013) Numerical investigations on cold cracking avoidance in fillet welds of high-strength steels. Weld World 57(3):359–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-013-0036-4

    Google Scholar 

  12. Wongpanya P (2008) Effects of heat treatment procedures on the cold cracking behaviour of high strength steel welds. Dissertation, BAM-Dissertationsreihe, Band 36

  13. EN 1011-2 (2001) Welding – recommendations for welding of metallic materials – part 2: arc welding of ferritic steels

  14. CEN ISO/TR 17844 (2004) Welding – comparison of standardised methodes for the avoidance of cold cracks

    Google Scholar 

  15. Schaupp T, Schroepfer D, Kromm A, Kannengiesser T (2017) Welding residual stresses in 960 MPa grade QT and TMCP high-strength steels. J Manuf Process 27:226–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2017.05.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Schroepfer D, Kannengiesser T (2014) Correlating welding reaction stresses and weld process conditions for high strength steel S960QL. Weld World 58:423–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-014-0127-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Boellinghaus T, Hoffmeister H, Dangeleit A (1995) A scatterband for hydrogen diffusion coefficients in micro-alloyed and low carbon structural steels. Weld World 35(2):83–96

    Google Scholar 

  18. Villalobos JC, Del-Pezo A, Campillo B, Mayen J, Serna S (2018) Microalloyed steels through history until 2018: review of chemical composition, processing and hydrogen service. Metals 8(5):351. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8050351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Zhang L (2017) Microstructure-property relationship in microalloyed high-strength steel welds. Dissertation, BAM-Dissertationsreihe, Band 155

  20. Grabke HJ, Riecke E (2000) Absorption and diffusion of hydrogen in steels. Mater Tehnol 34(6):331–342

    Google Scholar 

  21. Zhang S, Huang Y, Bintang S, Qingliang L, Hongzhou L, Jian B, Mohrbacher H, Zhang W, Guo A, Zhang Y (2015) Effect of Nb on hydrogen-induced delayed fracture in high strength hot stamping steels. Mater Sci Eng A 626:136–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.12.051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Cramer H, Baum L, Pommer S (2011) Überblick zu modernen Lichtbogenprozessen und deren Werkstoffübergängen beim MSG-Schweißen. In: DVS-Berichte 275. DVS Media GmbH, Düsseldorf, pp 232–237 (in German)

  23. Norrish J (2017) Recent gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process developments: the implications related to international fabrication standards. Weld World 61(4):755–767. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-017-0463-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. EN 10025-6 (2011) Hot rolled products of structural steels - part 6: technical delivery conditions for flat products of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered conditions

  25. EN ISO 16834 (2012) Welding consumables - wire electrodes, wires, rods and deposits for gas shielded arc welding of high strength steels - classification

  26. Siebertz K, van Bebber D, Hochkirchen T (2010) Statistische Versuchsplanung - design of experiments (DoE). Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg

  27. EN ISO 3690 (2017) Welding and allied processes - determination of hydrogen content in arc weld metal

  28. Rhode M (2016) Hydrogen diffusion and effect on degradation in welded microstructures of creep-resistant low-alloyed steels. Dissertation, BAM-Dissertationsreihe, Band 148

  29. Salmi S, Rhode M, Jüttner S, Zinke M (2015) Hydrogen determination in 22MnB5 steel grade by use of carrier gas hot extraction technique. Weld World 59(1):137–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-014-0186-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Rhode M, Schaupp T, Muenster C, Mente T, Boellinghaus T, Kannengiesser T (2018) Hydrogen determination in welded specimens by carrier gas hot extraction – a review on the main parameters and their effects on hydrogen measurement. Weld World 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-018-0664-9

  31. Fine-grain structural steels—MAXIL 960—high-strength, water quenched and tempered. http://www.ilsenburger-grobblech.de/fileadmin/mediadb/ilg/infocenter/downloads/werkstoffblaetter/feinkornbaustaehle_maxil960.pdf. Accessed November 2018

  32. Kannengiesser T, Schroepfer D (2016) Use of modified spray arc processes for optimization of welding loads in components of high-strength structural steels. Final report of Research Project IGF 16557N (in German)

  33. Boellinghaus T, Mente T, Wongpanya P, Viyanit E, Steppan E (2016) Numerical modelling of hydrogen assisted cracking in steel welds. In: Boellinghaus T, Lippold JC, Cross CE (eds) Cracking phenomena in welds IV. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 383–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28434-7_18

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  34. Schroepfer D, Kromm A, Kannengiesser T (2015) Improving welding stresses by filler metal and heat control selection in component-related butt joints of high-strength steel. Weld World 59:455–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-014-0219-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Schaupp T, Kannengiesser T, Burger S, Zinke M, Juettner S (2017) Determination of suitable heat control to avoid hydrogen-assisted cracking during welding of high-strength structural steels with modified spray arc. Final report of research project IGF 18596 BR (in German). urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43–425946

  36. Abe M, Nakatani M, Namatame N, Terasaki T (2012) Influence of dehydrogenation heat treatment on hydrogen distribution in multi-layer welds of Cr-Mo-V steel. Weld World 56(5):114–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03321355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Kasuya T, Hashiba Y, Ohkita S, Fuji M (2001) Hydrogen distribution in multipass submerged arc weld metals. Sci Technol Weld Joi 6(4):261–266. https://doi.org/10.1179/13621710110153876

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Thanks are given for support of the representing companies actively involved in the project board. Authors also thank Harald Goetsch, Marina Marten and Mareike Kirstein for their assistance in sample preparation and treatment.

Funding

The present contribution was a part of the AiF-project IGF-No. 18.596 BR / DVS 01.088 of the Research Association on Welding and Allied Processes of the DVS. It was kindly funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) by the AiF (German Federation of Industrial Research Associations) as part of the program for support of the Industrial Cooperative Research (IGF) on basis of a decision by the Deutscher Bundestag.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany

    Thomas Schaupp, Michael Rhode, Hamza Yahyaoui & Thomas Kannengiesser

  2. Institute for Materials Science and Joining Technology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany

    Michael Rhode & Thomas Kannengiesser

Authors
  1. Thomas Schaupp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michael Rhode
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hamza Yahyaoui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Thomas Kannengiesser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Thomas Schaupp.

Additional information

Recommended for publication by Commission II - Arc Welding and Filler Metals

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Schaupp, T., Rhode, M., Yahyaoui, H. et al. Influence of heat control on hydrogen distribution in high-strength multi-layer welds with narrow groove. Weld World 63, 607–616 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-018-00682-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-018-00682-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation