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Bone Tissue Regeneration: Rapid Prototyping Technology in Scaffold Design

  • Review Paper
  • Published:
Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series C Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The systematic review refers to the advancement of Rapid Prototyped facilitated scaffolding for regeneration of tissue from the bone. Bone tissue is a mineralized tissue consisting of cortical bones and cancellous bones with two types of hard tissue structure. The bone's dense outer shell, often referred to as the compact bone, it makes up nearly 80% of the cortical bone's skeletal mass, While the cancellous part shares the remaining 20%. Many different forms of cells & substances are participating in the bone remodeling mechanism. Bone remodeling is a highly intricate mechanism in which osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts work together to restore old bone with new bone. Osteoclasts are in charge of ageing bone resorption, while osteoblasts are in charge of new bone production. Osteocytes serve as mechanosensors and coordinators during bone remodeling. When used in combination with traditional methods, gas foaming, particulate leaching, fiber bonding, phase separation, lamination of membranes, melting, solvent casting, and freeze drying have been used to manufacture tissue-engineered structures. Although these scaffold manufacturing techniques do not help designers optimize internal architecture that could lead to the development of biological processes and tissues, they do have other benefits. In Rapid Prototyping (RP), complicated and convoluted structures can be successfully produced. Using “RP” in bone scaffold generation results in enhanced strength, in-vitro, and in-vivo cell culture, helps in increasing the capacity for patient-specific bone scaffolds design. This study evaluated the advantages of RP/imaging/CAD/CAM in making scaffolds for bone tissue reconstruction, and it is beneficial to those patients who were otherwise unable to be treated because of the conventional methods. The study explores the possible effects of RP on organ transplantation.

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Abbreviations

2D:

Two-dimensional

3D:

Three-dimensional

ALP:

Alkaline phosphatase

ADMSCs:

Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells

BG:

Bioactive glass

bFGF:

Basic fibroblast growth factor

3T3:

Fibroblasts cells

BMP-2:

Bone morphogenic protein-2

BMSCs:

Bone marrow stromal cells

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

CPC:

Calcium phosphate cement

CSH:

Calcium phosphate cement

CT:

Computed tomography

dECM:

Decellularized extracellular matrix

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

EBM:

Electron beam melting

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

EPCs:

Endothelial progenitor cells

FHAp:

Fluorhydroxyaptite

FDM:

Fused deposition modelling

GF:

Growth factor

GO:

Graphene oxide

HA:

Hyaluronic acid

HAp:

Hydroxyapatite

hADSCs:

Human adipose drived stem cells

hAVICs:

Human aortic valvular interstitial cells

hBMSCs:

Human bone marrow derived stem cells

hDFCs:

Human dental follicle cells

hEKCs:

Human embryonic kidney cells

hFOBCs:

Human fetal osteoblasts cells

hNDFs:

Human neonatal dermal fibroblasts

hTMSCs:

Human inferior turbinate tissue derived mesenchymal stromal cells

LBM:

Laser beam melting

MBG:

Mesoporous bioactive glass

MC3T3-E1:

Osteoblast precursor cell line

MG-63:

Human osteosarcoma cell line

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imagining

MSC:

Mesenchymal stem cells

MWCNTs:

Multi-wall carbon nanotubes

NHEKs:

Normal human epidermal keratinocytes

oMSCs:

Ovine mesenchymal stem cells

PAA:

Poly(acrylic acid)

PCL:

Poly(caprolactone)

PEG:

Poly(ethylene oxide)

PEI:

Polyethylenelmine

PEO:

Poly(ethylene oxide)

PES:

Polyethersulphone

PET:

Polyethylene terephthalate

PGA:

Poly(glycolic acid)

PGF:

Platelet derived growth factor

PHB:

Polyhydroxybutyrate

PLC:

Poly(L-lactide caprolactone)

PLGA:

Poly-lactic-glycolic acid

PLA:

Poly lactic acid

PMMA:

Poly(methyl methacrylate)

PP:

Polypropylene

PU:

Polyurethane

PVA:

Polyvinyl alcohol

PVAc:

Polyvinyl acetate

rBMSC:

Rat bone mesenchymal stem cells

rCCs:

Rabbit corneal cells

rGO:

Reduced graphene oxide

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

SDSCs:

Synovium derived stem cells

SiHAp:

Silicate containing hydroxyapatite

SLA:

Stereolithography

SLS:

Selective laser sintering

TPU:

Thermoplastic polyurethane

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India

    Ali Imran Ansari & Nazir Ahmad Sheikh

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Ansari, A.I., Sheikh, N.A. Bone Tissue Regeneration: Rapid Prototyping Technology in Scaffold Design. J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C 103, 1303–1324 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40032-022-00872-2

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