Abstract
Purpose of Review
The focus of this review is to discuss obesity, physical activity (and physical inactivity/sedentary behavior), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and their often interrelated health implications. The authors summarize the pathophysiological changes associated with obesity, which lead to the development of CVD, recommendations for interventions such as diet, increased physical activity, and weight loss according to current literature and guidelines, and the critical importance of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF).
Recent Findings
Clinical trials continue to demonstrate improved outcomes among overweight or obese individuals who achieve a healthy weight using various methods. Increasing CRF levels appears to demonstrate the largest health improvements, regardless of underlying comorbidities or achieving weight loss.
Summary
CRF, which is perhaps the single most important predictor of overall health, seems more important than weight loss alone regarding improved CVD outcomes in the obese population. These findings are reproduced in studies involving patients with various forms of CVD and CVD risk factors. The importance of CRF is well established; future endeavors to establish specific CRF targets for various patient cohorts are needed.
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Abbreviations
- ACC:
-
American College of Cardiology
- AF:
-
Atrial fibrillation
- AHA:
-
American Heart Association
- BMI:
-
Body mass index
- CAD:
-
Coronary artery disease
- CRF:
-
Cardiorespiratory fitness
- CV:
-
Cardiovascular
- CVD:
-
Cardiovascular disease
- DHHS:
-
Department of Health and Human Services
- DM:
-
Diabetes mellitus
- HF:
-
Heart failure
- HTN:
-
Hypertension
- MET:
-
Metabolic equivalent
- MetS:
-
Metabolic syndrome
- MHO:
-
Metabolically healthy obesity
- MI:
-
Myocardial infarction
- PA:
-
Physical activity
References
Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance
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Salvatore Carbone is supported by a Career Development Award 19CDA34660318 from the American Heart Association.
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Key Points
• Obesity and sedentary behavior are leading preventable causes of CVD and mortality.
• Increasing fitness levels appears to be the most effective way to improve outcomes in obese populations, both with and without CVD, compared with weight loss alone.
• Understanding that individuals may respond very differently to the same diet can help patients and clinicians avoid “diet centrism.”
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Etiology of Obesity
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Elagizi, A., Kachur, S., Carbone, S. et al. A Review of Obesity, Physical Activity, and Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Obes Rep 9, 571–581 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-020-00403-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-020-00403-z