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Potential of seaweed biomass: snake venom detoxifying action of brown seaweed Padina boergesenii against Naja naja venom

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Abstract

Seaweeds are regarded as one of the greatest sources of biologically active substances with potent biological activities among the innumerable marine organisms. It finds numerous industrial applications in areas such as food and dairy, pharmaceuticals, medicine, cosmeceuticals, and nutraceuticals because it is a significant source of bioactive ingredients. It has been reported that the brown seaweed Padina boergesenii, also known as the leafy rolled-blade alga, has anti-venom activity against the Naja nigricollis. However, it is still unclear how these actions are prompted by it. Using in vitro and in vivo animal models, the current work seeks to evaluate the mechanistic anti-venom activity of Padina boergesenii methanolic extract (PBME) against Naja naja (N. naja) venom. The total antioxidant activity, deoxyribose radical scavenging activity, DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylhydrate), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were used to measure the in vitro antioxidant activity. In vivo (venom neutralization, suppression of hemorrhagic, necrotic, myotoxic, and paw edema) and in vitro (inhibiting phospholipase A2 and procoagulant effects) anti-venom properties of PBME were studied against N. naja venoms. In every anti-oxidant test, the extracts demonstrated potency. Naja naja venom’s median lethal dose was 0.5943 mg/kg of body weight. The N. naja venom–induced phospholipase A2, hemorrhagic, necrotic, myotoxic, and paw edema in mice were all considerably reduced by PBME. Animals exposed to PBME substantially and dose-dependently neutralized the N. naja venom by various mechanisms. Therefore, additional research into PBME’s anti-venom characteristics as a neutralizing agent for snake venoms is a possibility.

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Abbreviations

PBME:

Padina boergesenii Methanolic extract

N. naja:

Naja naja

FRAP:

Ferric reducing antioxidant power

DPPH:

2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylhydrate

MCD:

Minimum coagulant dosage

MHD:

Minimal hemorrhagic dose

MND:

Minimal necrotizing dose

PBS:

Phosphate buffer saline

MIHD:

Minimum indirect hemolytic dose

MMD:

Minimum myotoxic dose

MED:

Minimal edema dosage

PLA2:

Phospholipase A2

SVMPs:

Snake venom metalloprotease

LAAOs:

L-amino acid oxidase

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Funding

This research was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University grant number “RGP 2/89/43.”

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Asir, Saudi Arabia

    Krishnaraju Venkatesan, Yahia Alghazwani, Yahya I. Asiri, Ali Al-Qahtani, Noohu Abdulla Khan & Rajalakshimi Vasudevan

  2. Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jizan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia

    Durgaramani Sivadasan

  3. Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

    Kousalya Prabahar

  4. Jamal Moideen Muthu Mohamed, Vaasudhara College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    Jamal Moideen Muthu Mohamed

  5. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, India

    Kalpana Krishnaraju

  6. Department of Nursing Pediatrics, Mahalah Branch for Girls, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

    Premalatha Paulsamy

  7. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Asir Province, Saudi Arabia

    Kumar Venkatesan

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  1. Krishnaraju Venkatesan
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Contributions

Krishnaraju Venkatesan, Yahia Alghazwani, Ali Al-Qahtani, and Yahya I. Asiri conceived and designed the research and conducted the experiments; Kousalya Prabahar, Jamal Moideen Muthu Mohamed, and Durgaramani Sivadasan analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript; Rajalakshmi Vasudevan, Kumar Venkatesan, Premalatha Paulsamy, and Kalpana Krishnaraju supervised the work. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Krishnaraju Venkatesan.

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The institutional animal ethics committee of Erode College of Pharmacy approved all the experimental procedures of ECP/IAEC/2015/04.

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Venkatesan, K., Sivadasan, D., Alghazwani, Y. et al. Potential of seaweed biomass: snake venom detoxifying action of brown seaweed Padina boergesenii against Naja naja venom. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-03922-6

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