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Modeling and optimization of the adsorptive removal of crystal violet dye by durian (Durio zibethinus) seeds powder: insight into kinetic, isotherm, thermodynamic, and adsorption mechanism

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Abstract

In this study, a renewable and effective bio-adsorbent was derived from Malaysian durian seeds (DSs) to act as a promising biosorbent for phytoremediation application towards removal of a hazardous cationic dye (crystal violet, CV) from aqueous environments. The physiochemical characteristics of DS were investigated by several analytical methods such as FTIR, TGA-DTG, BET, pHpzc, and SEM-EDX. Subsequently, a statistical optimization for CV removal by DS was carried out via Box-Behnken design (BBD) and numerical desirability function. In this regard, four operational factors that affect CV adsorption, i.e., DS dosage (0.02–0.1 g), initial pH (4–10), temperature (25–50 °C), and adsorption time (5–25 min) were optimized by BBD and numerical desirability function. Hence, the highest CV removal (93.91%) was recorded under the optimal conditions found through desirability function as follows: DS dosage of 0.081 g, solution pH = 9.9, working temperature = 34.6 °C, and contact time = 24.9 min. Furthermore, ANOVA test indicated the significant parametric interactions towards CV removal (%) can be observed between AB (DS dose vs. initial pH), AD (DS dose vs. time), and BC (initial pH vs. temperature) interactions. The adsorption kinetic process was well described by a pseudo-second-order model. Subsequently, the adsorption equilibrium isotherm was well presented by Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models with maximum adsorption capacity of 158 mg/g. Thus, the thermodynamic functions revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The adsorption mechanism of CV on the DS surface can be ascribed to the electrostatic forces, n-π stacking, and H-bonding interactions. Thus, the output of the research work indicates the potential applicability of DS as a renewable and effective biosorbent for the removal of CV from aqueous environments.

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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, for all the research facilities. The author (Zeid A. ALOthman) is grateful to the Researchers Supporting Project No. (RSP-2021/1), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

    Nur Aimi Jani & Ali H. Jawad

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of Echahid Hamma Lakhdar – El/Oued, 39000, El Oued, Algeria

    Larbi Haddad

  3. Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad, Iraq

    Ahmed Saud Abdulhameed

  4. College of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq

    Ahmed Saud Abdulhameed

  5. Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Zeid A. ALOthman

  6. UniSQ’s Advanced Data Analytics Research Group, School of Mathematics Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, QLD, 4300, Australia

    Zaher Mundher Yaseen

  7. New era and Development in Civil Engineering Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar 64001, Baghdad, Iraq

    Zaher Mundher Yaseen

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Contributions

Nur Aimi Jani: formal analysis, validation, data curation. Larbi Haddad: formal analysis, validation, data curation, writing — original. Ahmed Saud Abdulhameed: formal analysis, validation, data curation, writing — original. Ali H. Jawad: conceptualization, methodology, software, supervision, project administration, writing — review and editing. Zeid A. ALOthman: validation, funding acquisition. Zaher Mundher Yaseen; formal analysis.

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Correspondence to Ali H. Jawad.

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Jani, N.A., Haddad, L., Abdulhameed, A.S. et al. Modeling and optimization of the adsorptive removal of crystal violet dye by durian (Durio zibethinus) seeds powder: insight into kinetic, isotherm, thermodynamic, and adsorption mechanism. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03319-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03319-x

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