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Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Flow and Scour Upstream of Pipe Intake Structures

  • Research Article-Civil Engineering
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Abstract

Intake structures are used to take the desired amount of water from moving or stagnant flow environments. Since the excessive sediment may cause damage to intakes, the amount of sediment in the diverted water should be controlled. Furthermore, the bed sediment layer may be eroded due to intake discharge, and this may cause stability problems. Therefore, it is important to determine the effects of different parameters such as sediment diameter, and the intake discharge and its position in the design process. Due to financial and time constraints, making model studies for all flow conditions regarding the intakes is not feasible. In the current research, characteristics of the scour upstream of a horizontal pipe intake were investigated through a computational fluid dynamics model for different intake discharges, positions, and sediment sizes. The volume of fluid method was utilized to determine if the cells were entirely filled with fluid, partially filled, or empty. Finite volume method was used to solve 3-D momentum and mass conservation equations. The numerical model was validated with experiments conducted in a rectangular channel for several flow and geometrical conditions. It was shown that the critical Shields number should be modified depending on flow and geometrical conditions. Vorticity and excess shear stress values were found to be effective in the development of scour hole. The agreement between numerical and experimental results was satisfactory.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code Availability

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

A x, y, z :

Fractional areas in (x, y, z) directions

B :

Channel width

b 1 :

Intake distance to the left sidewall

b 2 :

Distance of the intake to the right sidewall

c :

Distance between the intake axis and the channel bottom

d :

Sediment grain diameter

d * :

Dimensionless sediment grain diameter

d 50 :

Median sediment diameter

D :

Intake diameter

f x, f y, f z :

Viscous acceleration in cartesian coordinates

F :

Volume flow function

F d :

Densimetric Froude number

g :

Acceleration due to gravity

G x, G y, G z :

Gravitational force in cartesian coordinates

h :

Free surface elevation

h m :

Maximum scour depth

h s :

Thickness of the bed-sediment layer

l :

Distance between the dead-end wall and the intake center

L m :

Maximum scour length

p :

Piezometric pressure

q b :

Sediment discharge per unit width

Q :

Discharge of the intake

R SOR :

Mass momentum source

t :

Time

u, v, w :

Velocity components

U ∞ :

Cross-section average velocity of approach flow

V :

Average velocity inside of the intake

V F :

Open volume ratio to flow

W m :

Maximum scour width

β MPM :

Empirical coefficient for bed-load transport approach

θ :

Local Shields coefficient

θ cr :

Critical Shields number

ρ s :

Sediment particle density

ρ w :

Density of water

τ :

Shear stress

τ cr :

Critical bed shear stress

v :

Kinematic viscosity

ϕ :

Bed load transport rate

Ω :

Vorticity

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank IOG Engineering for their kind support with the Flow-3D software and Gazi University Academic Writing Application and Research Center for proofreading the article.

Funding

No funding was received for conducting this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Infrastructure Department, Yüksel Proje Inc., 06610, Birlik, Ankara, Turkey

    Berkay Erat

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University, 06570, Maltepe, Ankara, Turkey

    Efe Barbaros & Kerem Taştan

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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by BE and EB. The first draft of the manuscript was written by KT, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kerem Taştan.

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On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest. The authors have no relevant financial or nonfinancial interests to disclose.

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Erat, B., Barbaros, E. & Taştan, K. Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Flow and Scour Upstream of Pipe Intake Structures. Arab J Sci Eng 49, 5973–5987 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08539-5

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