Abstract
Identifying strength parameters under drained conditions is crucial for monitoring and evaluating long-term soil deformations caused by structures built on or in soils. Geotechnical engineers carry out direct shear tests (DSTs) and triaxial tests (TAs) in the laboratory to identify strength parameters under such conditions. However, it can take considerable time to ascertain the failure envelope of even a single soil in the TA tests commonly used to evaluate drained conditions. This study explores whether the effective internal friction angle (ϕ′)—as one of the drained shear strength parameters of remolded soils—can be identified with a vane shear test (VST) at very low (down to 0.001/min) rotation speeds, which is easy to implement and takes a relatively shorter time. For this aim, 18 different remolded soil samples with a wide range of plasticity were prepared using static compaction in the laboratory. DST tests were conducted under drained conditions to evaluate the drained shear strengths of the remolded soil samples. VST results indicate that the peak shear strength decreases with the rotation speed as expected. Shear strengths obtained from the slowest VSTs were correlated with ϕ′s from DSTs. While the results were not encouraging, it was observed that the results of VSTs still could be used in a predictive equation for ϕ′ which, as a function of LL and total density as well as VST strength parameter, the regression coefficient rose to 0.92. Some effective cohesion intercepts were observed during DSTs, which in turn somewhat reduce the predicted ϕ′s.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Osano, S.N.: Direct shear box and ring shear test: why internal angle of friction vary. 5(2):77-93 (1999)
Mayne, P.W.; Christopher, B.R.; DeJong, J.: Subsurface investigations--geotechnical site characterization: Reference Manual (No. FHWA-NHI-01–031). United States. Federal Highway Administration (2002).
Mesri, G.; Abdel-Ghaffar, M.E.M.: Cohesion intercept in effective stress-stability analysis. J. Geotech. Eng. 119(8), pp. 1229–1249 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1993)119:8(1229)
Schofield, A.N.: The mohr-coulomb error. In: Luong, Mechanics and Geotechnique (LMS Ecole Polytechnique), pp. 19–27 (1998).
Rankine, W.M.: On the stability of loose earth. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, pp. 185–187 (1856). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1857.0003
Duncan, J.M.; Wright, S.G.; Brandon, T.L.: Soil strength and slope stability. Wiley (2014).
Sorensen, K.K., Okkels, N.: Correlation between drained shear strength and plasticity index of undisturbed overconsolidated Clays. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris, vol. 1, pp. 423–428 (2013).
Kayabali, K.; Tüfenkçi, O.O.: Undrained shear strength of remolded soils at consistency limits. Can. Geotech. J. 47(3), 259–266 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1139/T09-095
Kyambadde, B.S.: Soil strength and consistency limits from quasi-static cone tests. Doctoral dissertation, University of Brighton, UK (2010).
Lee, L.T.; Freeman, R.B.: An alternative test method for assessing consistency limits. Geotech. Test. J. 30(4), 274–281 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ100700
O’Kelly, B.C.: Atterberg limits and remolded shear strength-water content relationships. Geotech. Test. J. 36(6), 939–947 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20130012
Sharma, B.; Bora, P.K.: Plastic limit, liquid limit and undrained shear strength of soil—reappraisal. J. Geotech. Geoenv. Eng. 129(8), 774–777 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:8(774)
Youssef, M.S.: Relationships between shear strength, consolidation, liquid limit, and plastic limit for remoulded clays. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on SMFE. Vol. 1, pp. 126–129 (1965). Tronto Univ. press.
Brooker, E.W.; Ireland, H.O.: Earth pressures at rest related to stress history. Can. Geotech. J. 2(1), 1–15 (1965). https://doi.org/10.1139/t65-001
Castellanos, B.A.; Brandon, T.L.: A comparison between the shear strength measured with direct shear and triaxial devices on undisturbed and remolded soils. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris, pp. 317–320 (2013).
Stark, T.D.; Eid, H.: Drained residual strength of cohesive soils. J. Geotech. Eng. 120(5), 856–871 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1994)120:5(856)
Stark, T.D.; Eid, H.T.: Slope stability analyses in stiff fissured clays. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 123(4), 335–343 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:4(335)
Terzaghi, K.; Peck, R.B.; Mesri, G.: Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice. Wiley (1996)
Bjerrum, L.: Comparison of shear strength characteristics of normally consolidated clays. Norw. Geotech. Inst. Publ. 35, 13–22 (1960)
Aas, G.: A study of the effect of vane shapes and rate of strain on the measurement of in-situ shear of clays. In: Proceedings of the 6th ICSMFE vol 1, pp. 141–145 (1965)
Biscontin, G.; Pestana, J.M.: Influence of peripheral velocity on vane shear strength of an artificial clay. Geotech. Test. J. 24(4), 423–429 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11140J
Flaate, K.: Factors influencing the results of vane tests. Can. Geotech. J. 3(1), 18–31 (1966). https://doi.org/10.1139/t66-002
Menzies, B.K.; Mailey, L.K.: Some measurements of strength anisotropy in soft clays using diamond-shaped shear vanes. Geotechnique 26(3), 535–538 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1976.26.3.535
Schlue, B.F.; Moerz, T.; Kreiter, S.: Effect of rod friction on vane shear tests in very soft organic harbour mud. Acta Geotech. 2(4), 281–289 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-007-0047-7
Torstensson, B.A.: Time-dependent effect in the field vane test. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Soft Clay, Asian Institute of Technology Bangkok, pp 387–397 (1977).
Wiesel, C.E.: Some factors influencing in-situ vane tests results. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference Soil Mechanics Foundation Engineering, Springer, New York, pp 475–479 (1973).
Kimura, T.; Saitoh, K.: Effect of disturbance due to insertion on vane shear strength of normally consolidated cohesive soils. Soils Found. 23(2), 113–124 (1983). https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.23.2_113
Perlow, M.; Richards, A.F.: Influence of shear velocity on vane shear strength. J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 103(1), 19–32 (1977)
Sharifounnasab, M.; Ullrich, C.R.: Rate of shear effects on vane shear strength. J. Geotech. Eng. 111(1), 135–139 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1985)111:1(135)
Morris, P.H.; Williams, D.J.: A new model of vane shear strength testing in soils. Geotechnique 43(3), 489–500 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1993.43.3.489
Leroueil, S.: Importance of strain rate and temperature effects in geotechnical engineering, measuring and modeling time dependnet soil behaviour. ASCE, GSP 61, 1–60 (1996)
Einav, I.; Randolph, M.: Effect of strain rate on mobilised strength and thickness of curved shear bands. Geotechnique 56(7), 501–504 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2006.56.7.501
Schlue, B.F.; Moerz, T.; Kreiter, S.: Influence of shear rate on undrained vane shear strength of organic harbor mud. J. Geotech. Geoenv. Eng. 136(10), 1437–1447 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000356
Yusoff, N.A.; Black, J.A.; Hyde, A.F.L.: Rate effects and vane shear strength of sandy clay. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Geotechnical and Transportation Engineering, pp. 1–5 (2010).
Weerakoon, W.M.; Tanaka, H.: Correlation between vane shear and viscometer tests on clayey soils under high water content. Jpn. Geotech. Soc. Spec. Pub. 2(11), 473–477 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.JPN-096
Reid, D.: Effect of vane rotation on shear vane results in a silty tailings. Fifth Int. Conf. Geotech. Geophys. Site Character. Aust. Geomech. Soc. 2, 369–374 (2016)
Scaringi, G.; Di Maio, C.: Influence of displacement rate on residual shear strength of clay. Procedia Earth Planet Sci. 16, 137–145 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2016.10.015
Ullah, A.: Application of vane shear tools to asse. Res. J. Eng. 6(1), 1–4 (2017)
ASTM D4318: Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils. ASTM Int. West Conshohocken, PA. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1520/D4318-17
BS 1377: Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes, British Standard Institution (1990)
ASTM D3080: Standard test method for direct shear test of soils under consolidated drained conditions. ASTM Int. West Conshohocken, PA. (2011). https://doi.org/10.1520/D3080-04
ASTM D4648: Standard test methods for laboratory miniature vane shear test for saturated fine-grained clayey soil. ASTM Int. West Conshohocken, PA. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1520/D4648_D4648M-16
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kayabali, K., Yilmaz, N.P., Balci, M.C. et al. An Attempt to Predict the Effective Angle of Internal Friction for Remolded Clayey Soils Using the Vane Shear Test: Some Important Implications. Arab J Sci Eng 49, 5639–5651 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08471-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08471-8