Skip to main content
Log in

AC Performance of HTV-SR and Its Hybrids Loaded with Nano-/Micro-Silica/ATH Fillers

  • Research Article-Electrical Engineering
  • Published:
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the present study, long-term multi-stress aging performance of silicone-based polymeric insulators was investigated for possible use on high-voltage alternating current transmission lines in Pakistan. One neat sample of high-temperature-vulcanized silicone rubber and four silica and alumina trihydrate filled hybrid composites were studied for 5000 h under accelerated multi-stress aging simulating environment of Karachi. Several measurements and diagnostic techniques such as hydrophobicity assessment, leakage current measurement, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, tensile testing and shore-A hardness were deployed to better establish a reliable comparison of resistance-to-aging among the investigated samples. Through extensive analysis of all measured data, it was established that among the investigated five samples, the specimen representing silicone hybrid composite containing 2% nano-silica and 20% micro-silica showed the most superior performance. Expanding grid in Pakistan which has been facing several challenges in terms of pollution-related flashovers maybe made more reliable through use of silicone rubber hybrid insulators.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Gorur, R.S.; Cherney, E.A.; Burnham, J.T.: Outdoor Insulators. Ravi S. Gorur, Phoenix (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Hackam, R.: Outdoor HV composite polymeric insulators. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 6(5), 557–585 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Swift, D.A.; Spellman, C.; Haddad, A.: Hydrophobicity transfer from silicone rubber to adhering pollutants and its effect on insulator performance. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 13(4), 820–829 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ullah, R., Akbar, M.: Lifetime estimation based on surface degradation and characterization of HTV silicone-rubber based composites for HVAC and HVDC transmission. CSEE J. Power Energy Syst. (2020). https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2019.02990

    Google Scholar 

  5. Gorur, R.S.: Status assessment of composite insulators for outdoor HV applications. In: Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials. IEEE, vol. 1, pp. 35–38 (1997)

  6. Akbar, M.; Ullah, R.; Qazi, I.: Multi-stress aging investigations of HTV silicone rubber filled with Silica/ATH composites for HVAC and HVDC transmission. Eng. Fail. Anal. 110, 104449 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Sorqvist, T.; Gubanski, S.M.: Leakage current and flashover of field-aged polymeric insulators. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 6(5), 744–753 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Ehsani, M.; Borsi, H.; Gockenbach, E.; Morshedian, J.; Bakhshandeh, G.R.: An investigation of dynamic mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of housing materials for outdoor polymeric insulators. Eur. Polym. J. 40(11), 2495–2503 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Venkatesulu, B.; Thomas, M.J.: Long-term accelerated multistress ageing of composite outdoor polymeric insulators. In: 2007 IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics. IEEE, pp. 188–191 (2007)

  10. Chang, J.W.; Gorur, R.S.: Surface recovery of silicone rubber used for HV outdoor insulation. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 1(6), 1039–1046 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Ullah, R.; Akbar, M.; Amin, S.: Measuring electrical, thermal and mechanical properties of DC-stressed HTV silicone rubber loaded with nano/micro-fillers exposed to long-term aging. Appl. Nanosci. 10, 1–11 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Momen, G.; Farzaneh, M.: Survey of micro/nano filler use to improve silicone rubber for outdoor insulators. Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci. 27(1), 1–13 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Fang, S., Jia, Z., Gao, H., Guan, Z.: Influence of fillers on silicone rubber for outdoor insulation. In 2007 Annual Report-Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena. IEEE. 300-303 (2007)

  14. Tanaka, T.; Montanari, G.; Mulhaupt, R.: Polymer nanocomposites as dielectrics and electrical insulation-perspectives for processing technologies, material characterization and future applications. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 11(5), 763–784 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Sundararajan, R.; Soundarajan, E.; Mohammed, A.; Graves, J.: Multistress accelerated ageing of polymer housed surge arresters under simulated coastal Florida conditions. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 13(1), 211–226 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Nazir, M.T.; Phung, B.T.: Ultraviolet weathering resistance performance of micro/nano silica filled silicone rubber composites for outdoor insulation. In: 2016 International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis (CMD). IEEE, pp. 1035–1038 (2016)

  17. Rochow, E.G.: The chemistry of silicon. Pergamon International Library of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies. Elsevier, vol. 9 (2013)

  18. Venkatesulu, B.; Thomas, M.J.: Long-term accelerated weathering of outdoor silicone rubber insulators. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 18(2), 418–424 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Amin, M.: Performance of HTV-SiR as outdoor insulation in Pakistan (laboratory simulation). In: 2009 International Conference on Emerging Technologies. IEEE, pp. 148–152 (2009)

  20. Expanding Grid in Pakistan Confronts Challenges of Pollution, Icing & Lightning. https://www.inmr.com/expanding-grid-pakistan-confronts-challenges-pollution-icing-lightning-part/. Accessed 22 Jan 2019

  21. Pakistan Meteorological Department. http://www.pmd.gov.pk/en/. Accessed 21 Jan 2019

  22. Schneider, H.M.; Guidi, W.W.; Burnham, J.T.; Gorur, R.S.; Hall, J.F.: Accelerated ageing and flashover tests on 138 kV nonceramic line post insulators. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 8(1), 325–336 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. International, ASTM G154-16-standard practice for operating fluorescent ultraviolet (uv) lamp apparatus for exposure of nonmetallic materials (2016)

  24. Khan, M.N.; Sarwar, A.: Chemical composition of wet precipitation of air pollutants: a case study in Karachi. Pak. Atmos. 27(1), 35–46 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Muslehuddin, M.; Mir, H.; Faisal, N.: Recent occurrence of fog over Pakistan (1997 to 2000). Pak. J. Meteorol. 1(2), 1–16 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Schneider, H.M.; Guidi, W.W.; Nicholls, L.W.; Burnham, J.T.; Hall, J.F.: Accelerated aging chamber for nonceramic insulators. In: 7th ISH, Dresden (1991)

  27. HV polymeric insulators for indoor and outdoor use tracking and erosion testing by wheel test and 5000 h test. IEC/TR 62730:2012-03

  28. Guide, S.: 92/1 hydrophobicity classification guide. Swedish Transmission Research Institute (1992)

  29. ASTM D1708-Standard test method for tensile properties of plastics by use of microtensile specimens (2006)

  30. ASTM D2240-Standard test method for rubber property|durometer hardness (2005)

  31. Amin, M.; Akbar, M.; Amin, S.: Hydrophobicity of silicone rubber used for outdoor insulation (an overview). Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci. 16, 10–26 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Fernando, M.A.R.M.; Gubanski, S.M.: Performance of nonceramic insulators under tropical field conditions. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 15(1), 355–360 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Nazir, M.T.; Phung, B.T.; Hoffman, M.: Effect of AC corona discharge on hydrophobic properties of silicone rubber nanocomposites. In: 2015 IEEE 11th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (ICPADM), pp. 412–415. IEEE (2015)

  34. Akbar, M.; Ullah, R.; Alam, S.: Aging of silicone rubber-based composite insulators under multi-stressed conditions: an overview. Mater. Res. Express 6(10), 102003 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Verma, A.R.; Reddy, B.S.: Aging studies on polymeric insulators under DC stress with controlled climatic conditions. Polym. Test. 68, 185–192 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Zhu, Y.: Influence of corona discharge on hydrophobicity of silicone rubber used for outdoor insulation. Polym. Test. 74, 14–20 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Fan, S.; Zhang, X.; Lu, Y.; Gao, Y.: Characterization of HTV silicone rubber with different content of ATH filler by mechanical measurements, FTIR and XPS analyzes. In: 2018 12th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (ICPADM), pp. 888–891. IEEE (2018)

  38. Xue, Y.; Li, X.F.; Zhang, D.H.; Wang, H.S.; Chen, Y.; Chen, Y.F.: Comparison of ATH and SiO2 fillers filled silicone rubber composites for HTV insulators. Compos. Sci. Technol. 155, 137–143 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Lau, K.Y.; Piah, M.A.M.: Polymer nanocomposites in high voltage electrical insulation perspective: a review. Malays. Polym. J. 6(1), 58–69 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Kashi, S.; Varley, R.; De Souza, M.; Al-Assafi, S.; Di Pietro, A.; De Lavigne, C.; Fox, B.: Mechanical, thermal, and morphological behavior of silicone rubber during accelerated aging. Polym.-Plast. Technol. Eng. 57(16), 1687–1696 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rahmat Ullah.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ahmad, F., Akbar, M. & Ullah, R. AC Performance of HTV-SR and Its Hybrids Loaded with Nano-/Micro-Silica/ATH Fillers. Arab J Sci Eng 46, 1103–1114 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04938-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04938-0

Keywords

Navigation