Abstract
Graphene is a potential reinforcing material for polymeric materials due to high aspect ratio, surface area and electrical and mechanical properties. In this work, thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRGO)/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) composites were developed using combined solution mixing and melt mixing techniques. The effect of wt% of pristine graphite and TRGO on the mechanical and thermal properties of composites was studied. Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared from graphite powder using improved Hummers’ method followed by thermal reduction to obtain TRGO. Characterization of GO, TRGO and as-developed ABS composites was performed using Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Tensile properties were determined by testing injection-molded dumbbell-shaped samples. The results showed that tensile properties of TRGO/ABS composites increased significantly at 0.2 wt% loading compared to corresponding graphite/ABS composites. However, increased content of both fillers decreased mechanical properties of the composites. TRGO, at 0.2 wt% loading, increased glass transition temperature of ABS by ca.7 °C. TRGO neither increased nor decreased thermal stability of ABS composites. This study showed that combined solution and melt mixing technique can significantly improve dispersion of TRGO in ABS matrix.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brydson, J.A.: Plastics Materials. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1999)
Stankovich, S.; Dikin, D.A.; Dommett, G.H.; Kohlhaas, K.M.; Zimney, E.J.; Stach, E.A.; Piner, R.D.; Nguyen, S.T.; Ruoff, R.S.: Graphene-based composite materials. Nature 442(7100), 282–286 (2006)
Kar, K.K.; Rana, S.; Pandey, J.: Handbook of Polymer Nanocomposites Processing, Performance and Application. Springer, New York (2015)
Bouhfid, R.; Arrakhiz, F.; Qaiss, A.: Effect of graphene nanosheets on the mechanical, electrical, and rheological properties of polyamide 6/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene blends. Polym. Compos. 37(4), 998–1006 (2016)
Jayanth, N.; Senthil, P.: Application of 3D printed ABS based conductive carbon black composite sensor in void fraction measurement. Compos. B Eng. 159, 224–230 (2019)
Mura, A.; Adamo, F.; Wang, H.; Leong, W.S.; Ji, X.; Kong, J.: Investigation about tribological behavior of ABS and PC-ABS polymers coated with graphene. Tribol. Int. 134, 335–340 (2019)
Raza, M.A.; Mujadid, M.; Hussain, M.; Ali, H.Q.; Rehman, Z.U.; Inam, A.: Mechanical properties of graphene oxide coated-glass fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester composites. Mater. Res. Express 6(11), 115303 (2019)
Allen, M.J.; Tung, V.C.; Kaner, R.B.: Honeycomb carbon: a review of graphene. Chem. Rev. 110(1), 132–145 (2009)
Bunch, J.S.; Van Der Zande, A.M.; Verbridge, S.S.; Frank, I.W.; Tanenbaum, D.M.; Parpia, J.M.; Craighead, H.G.; McEuen, P.L.: Electromechanical resonators from graphene sheets. Science 315(5811), 490–493 (2007)
Eda, G.; Chhowalla, M.: Chemically derived graphene oxide: towards large-area thin-film electronics and optoelectronics. Adv. Mater. 22(22), 2392–2415 (2010)
Raza, M.A.; Westwood, A.; Brown, A.; Hondow, N.; Stirling, C.: Characterisation of graphite nanoplatelets and the physical properties of graphite nanoplatelet/silicone composites for thermal interface applications. Carbon 49(13), 4269–4279 (2011)
Pour, R.H.; Hassan, A.; Soheilmoghaddam, M.; Bidsorkhi, H.C.: Mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of graphene reinforced polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene nanocomposites. Polym. Compos. 37(6), 1633–1640 (2016)
Wang, F.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, B.; Hong, R.; Kumar, M.; Xie, C.: Enhanced electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of ABS/EPDM composites filled with graphene. Compos. B Eng. 83, 66–74 (2015)
Waheed, Q.; Khan, A.N.; Jan, R.: Investigating the reinforcement effect of few layer graphene and multi-walled carbon nanotubes in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene. Polymer 97, 496–503 (2016)
Panwar, V.; Pal, K.: An optimal reduction technique for rGO/ABS composites having high-end dynamic properties based on Cole–Cole plot, degree of entanglement and C-factor. Compos. B Eng. 114, 46–57 (2017)
Uhl, F.M.; Yao, Q.; Wilkie, C.A.: Formation of nanocomposites of styrene and its copolymers using graphite as the nanomaterial. Polym. Adv. Technol. 16(7), 533–540 (2005)
Pandey, A.K.; Kumar, R.; Kachhavah, V.S.; Kar, K.K.: Mechanical and thermal behaviours of graphite flake-reinforced acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene composites and their correlation with entanglement density, adhesion, reinforcement and C factor. RSC Adv. 6(56), 50559–50571 (2016)
Difallah, B.B.; Kharrat, M.; Dammak, M.; Monteil, G.: Mechanical and tribological response of ABS polymer matrix filled with graphite powder. Mater. Des. 34, 782–787 (2012)
Moniruzzaman, M.; Winey, K.I.: Polymer nanocomposites containing carbon nanotubes. Macromolecules 39(16), 5194–5205 (2006)
Dennis, H.; Hunter, D.; Chang, D.; Kim, S.; White, J.; Cho, J.; Paul, D.R.: Effect of melt processing conditions on the extent of exfoliation in organoclay-based nanocomposites. Polymer 42(23), 9513–9522 (2001)
Ercan, N.; Durmus, A.; Kaşgöz, A.: Comparing of melt blending and solution mixing methods on the physical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane/organoclay nanocomposite films. J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater. 30(7), 950–970 (2017)
Caradonna, A.; Colucci, G.; Giorcelli, M.; Frache, A.; Badini, C.: Thermal behavior of thermoplastic polymer nanocomposites containing graphene nanoplatelets. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 134, 20 (2017)
Burk, L.; Gliem, M.; Lais, F.; Nutz, F.; Retsch, M.; Mülhaupt, R.: Mechanochemically carboxylated multilayer graphene for carbon/ABS composites with improved thermal conductivity. Polymers 10(10), 1088 (2018)
Dul, S.; Fambri, L.; Pegoretti, A.: Fused deposition modelling with ABS–graphene nanocomposites. Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 85, 181–191 (2016)
Marcano, D.C.; Kosynkin, D.V.; Berlin, J.M.; Sinitskii, A.; Sun, Z.; Slesarev, A.; Alemany, L.B.; Lu, W.; Tour, J.M.: Improved synthesis of graphene oxide. ACS Nano 4(8), 4806–4814 (2010)
Raza, M.A.; Rehman, Z.U.; Ghauri, F.A.; Ahmad, A.; Ahmad, R.; Raffi, M.: Corrosion study of electrophoretically deposited graphene oxide coatings on copper metal. Thin Solid Films 620, 150–159 (2016)
Ghauri, F.A.; Raza, M.A.; Baig, M.S.; Ibrahim, S.: Corrosion study of the graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide-based epoxy coatings. Mater. Res. Express 4, 125601 (2017)
Shen, J.; Li, T.; Long, Y.; Shi, M.; Li, N.; Ye, M.: One-step solid state preparation of reduced graphene oxide. Carbon 50(6), 2134–2140 (2012)
Nekahi, A.; Marashi, P.; Haghshenas, D.: Transparent conductive thin film of ultra large reduced graphene oxide monolayers. Appl. Surf. Sci. 295, 59–65 (2014)
Maqsood, M.F.; Raza, M.A.; Ghauri, F.A.; et al.: Corrosion study of graphene oxide coatings on AZ31B magnesium alloy. J. Coat. Technol. Res. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-020-00350-3
Dreyer, D.R.; Park, S.; Bielawski, C.W.; Ruoff, R.S.: The chemistry of graphene oxide. Chem. Soc. Rev. 39(1), 228–240 (2010)
Wan, Y.-J.; Tang, L.-C.; Gong, L.-X.; Yan, D.; Li, Y.-B.; Wu, L.-B.; Jiang, J.-X.; Lai, G.-Q.: Grafting of epoxy chains onto graphene oxide for epoxy composites with improved mechanical and thermal properties. Carbon 69, 467–480 (2014)
Ghaleb, Z.; Mariatti, M.; Ariff, Z.: Graphene nanoparticle dispersion in epoxy thin film composites for electronic applications: effect on tensile, electrical and thermal properties. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 28(1), 808–817 (2017)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Raza, M.A., Maqsood, M.F., Rehman, Z.U. et al. Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide-Reinforced Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Composites Developed by Combined Solution and Melt Mixing Method. Arab J Sci Eng 45, 9559–9568 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04845-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04845-4