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Effect of insecticides on the mortalities of three whitefly parasitoid species, Eretmocerus mundus, Eretmocerus eremicus and Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

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Abstract

The toxicities of 24 insecticides for the biological control of whiteflies were evaluated for Eretmocerus mundus (Mercet), Eretmocerus eremicus Rose and Zolnerowich and Encarsia formosa Gahan using the residual film method (for adults) and the dipping method (for pupae). Mortalities from insect growth regulators (IGRs) (flufenoxuron and lufenuron), Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), pymetrozine and sulfur were <30% for both pupae and adults of all three species, indicating that the parasitoids were not seriously affected by these insecticides. Neonicotinoids (acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid and nitenpyram), synthetic pyrethroids (etofenprox and permethrin), organophosphates (acephate and fenitrothion), chlorphenapyr, emamectin benzoate, spinosad and tolfenpyrad were seriously harmful (100% mortality) and acaricides (chinomethionat, milbemectin and pyridaben) were moderately harmful or seriously harmful to adult parasitoids (leading to mortalities of >92%). For each insecticide, the mortality of pupae was generally lower than that of adults, even though the toxicity classification for the two groups was similar. The results indicate that IGRs, Bt, pymetrozine and sulfur are relatively harmless, and are compatible with the use of parasitoids to help control whiteflies for integrated pest management in greenhouses.

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Acknowledgments

We want to express our sincere thanks to Dr. T. Noda, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, for his kind support and for revising the manuscript. We are also thankful to Dr. E. Yano, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara, Japan, for his valuable advice, and Dr. S. Yamanaka and Mr. M. Momoshita, Arysta LifeScience Co., Tokyo, Japan, for kindly supplying mummy cards of Aphelinidae.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, 678-1 Tomigaoka, Iwata, Shizuoka, 438-0803, Japan

    Keitaro Sugiyama & Haruki Katayama

  2. Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan

    Tsutomu Saito

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  1. Keitaro Sugiyama
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  2. Haruki Katayama
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  3. Tsutomu Saito
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Correspondence to Keitaro Sugiyama.

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Sugiyama, K., Katayama, H. & Saito, T. Effect of insecticides on the mortalities of three whitefly parasitoid species, Eretmocerus mundus, Eretmocerus eremicus and Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Appl Entomol Zool 46, 311–317 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-011-0044-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-011-0044-z

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