Abstract
In 2010, tomato plants exhibiting symptoms of wilting, hollow stems and vascular discoloration from the Musina district, Limpopo Province, South Africa were reported. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici race 3 proved to be a causal agent of the disease by means of morphological and DNA based characterization accompanied by pathogenicity trials. This is the first report of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 3 on tomato in South Africa.
Tomato is an economically important vegetable crop in South Africa. It is commonly grown by subsistence and resource poor farmers and serves as one of the main vegetables used for hawking by small-scale entrepreneurs in the informal sector. The total production areas are estimated at more than 5,400 ha. Approximately 100 ha of this area consists of production under protection (tunnels and greenhouses).
Fusarium oxysporum is an abundant, asexual fungal species complex with numerous morphologically indistinguishable plant pathogenic strains associated with a range of vegetable and other crops. Based on the host plant and cultivar specificity F. oxysporum strains have been grouped into formae speciales and races, respectively (Armstrong and Armstrong 1981; Di Pietro et al. 2003; Michielse and Rep 2009). In 2010, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants exhibiting symptoms of wilting, hollow stems and vascular discoloration from the Musina district, Limpopo Province, South Africa were analysed Fig. 1.
Stem tissue was surface disinfected with 70 % ethanol and placed on potato dextrose agar (15 g/l) containing Streptomycin (0.4 g/l) and incubated in the dark at 25 °C for 7 days. Morphological characterisation of the selected isolate (Plant Protection Research Institute, PPRI 10733) was done on a 10 day old culture grown on Carnation leaf agar (Leslie and Summerell 2006). The single-spored isolate, PPRI 10733 has been deposited in the National Collections of Fungi, PPRI Collection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa. The identity of the selected isolate was morphologically confirmed as Fusarium oxysporum (Nelson et al. 1983). For molecular analyses the isolate was grown in complete medium broth at 25 °C in the dark for 7 days. DNA was extracted using the DNAeasy Plant Mini extraction kit (Qiagen), followed by PCR and sequencing of the partial translation elongation factor-1α (TEF-1α) gene (O’Donnell et al. 1996). Obtained sequences were compared with those on the NCBI, Fusarium MLST (O’Donnell et al., 2012) and FUSARIUM-ID databases (Geiser et al. 2004). In all three of these independent BLAST analyses the isolate matched strains of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, with statistical significance. This was confirmed by a phylogenetic analysis of the partial TEF-1α gene data, which clustered the unknown isolate together with a F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici strain with the same mating Fig. 1. The partial TEF-1α gene sequence of the isolate was submitted to GenBank (Accession No. KC831768). Pathogenicity and race were determined by inoculating 21 day old seedlings from lines with resistance to F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 1, race 2 and race 3. Wounded roots of 15 plants were dipped for 3 min in 50 ml conidial suspension (5 × 106 microconidia/ml) obtained from the isolate grown in potato dextrose broth and transplanted to tubs containing pasteurized growing medium (peatmoss:perlite; 7:3) amended with inoculated vermiculite (5 × 106 microconidia/ml) and maintained in a greenhouse at 24–26 °C until symptom expression. Five seedlings of each line were wounded and transplanted to pasteurized growing medium and kept under the same conditions as inoculated plants. The plants were evaluated 20 days after inoculation using the following disease severity rating scale. 0-no external symptoms of wilting, yellowing and/or stunting, no vascular discoloration, 1-no external symptoms, isolated points of discoloration in vascular tissue, 2-discoloration up to cotyledonary node, 3-no external symptoms, staining beyond cotyledonary node, 4-wilting, yellowing and severe stunting, discoloration of vascular tissue beyond cotyledonary node, 5-complete death. A mean disease severity rate of 4 was observed for the inoculated, race 1 and race 2 resistant lines. A mean disease severity rate of 0 was observed for the inoculated race 3 resistant plants. A mean disease severity rate of 0 was observed for the un-inoculated control plants. These tests were performed twice in the same manner as stated above.
The causal agent was re-isolated from diseased material to prove Koch’s postulates. This is the first report of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 3 on tomato in South Africa.
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Jacobs, A., Govender, R. & van Heerden, S.W. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 3 causing tomato wilt in South Africa. Australasian Plant Dis. Notes 8, 145–147 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13314-013-0118-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13314-013-0118-6