Abstract
Spot type net blotch caused by Pyrenophora teres f. maculata (Ptm) has become a prominent disease in Western Australia, as has also occurred elsewhere. The disease has a negative impact on both grain yield and quality resulting from reduced grain size. Lack of resistance and stubble retention are the likely factors in the increased severity of the disease in barley growing areas of Western Australia. Because of the increasing importance of spot type net blotch and the need to improve barley resistance, understanding pathogen virulence is a high priority as this has direct impact on the identification and utilization of resistance genes in breeding programs. Ninety nine isolates of Ptm were collected from geographically dispersed barley fields of Western Australia during 2001 and 2002. Forty nine sporulating isolates of Ptm were classified into seven isolate groups (IGs) on the basis of their infection responses on 26 differential barley lines. The 26 lines were likewise classified into four line groups (LGs) based on their distinguishing response to the spot type net blotch isolates. The varied infection responses among the differential barley lines demonstrated a wide geographic dispersal of IGs as well as previously undetected virulence in Ptm in Western Australia. The commercially grown barley cultivars Baudin and Gairdner are regarded as susceptible to spot type net blotch, but showed a range of reactions to the various Ptm isolates as seedling plants. The variability in the pathogen and the resistance identified in some genotypes used in this study are being investigated further to develop superior, adapted germplasm for use in barley breeding programs in Australia.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Afanasenko OS, Jalli M, Pinnschmidt HO, Filatova O, Platz GJ (2009) Development of an international standard set of barley differential genotypes for Pyrenophora teres f. teres. Plant Pathol 58:665–676. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2009.02062.x
Arabi MI, Barrault G, Sarrafi A, Albertini L (1992) Variation in the resistance of barley cultivars and in the pathogenicity of Drechslera teres f. sp. maculata and D. teres f. sp. teres isolates from France. Plant Pathol 41:180–186. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1992.tb02336.x
Bockelman HE, Sharp EL, Bjarko ME (1983) Isolates of Pyrenophora teres from Montana and the Mediterranean region that produce spot-type lesions on barley. Plant Dis 67:696–697. doi:10.1094/PD-67-696
Bogacki P, Keiper FJ, Oldach KH (2010) Genetic structure of south Australian Pyrenophora teres populations as revealed by microsatellite analyses. Fungal Biol 114:834–841. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2010.08.002
Friesen TL, Faris JD, Lai Z, Steffenson BJ (2006) Identification and chromosomal location of major genes for resistance to Pyrenophora teres in a doubled-haploid barley population. Genome 49:855–859. doi:10.1139/G06-024
Gabriel KR (1971) The biplot graphical display of matrices with applications to principal component analysis. Biometrika 58:453–467. doi:10.1093/biomet/58.3.453
GenStat (2009) GenStat for Windows, edition 12. VSN International, United Kingdom. URL: http://www.genstat.com
Grewal TS, Rossnagel BG, Pozniak CJ, Scoles GJ (2007) Mapping quantitative trait loci associated with barley net blotch resistance. Theor Appl Genet 116:529–539. doi:10.1007/s00122-007-0688-9
Gupta S, Loughman R (2001) Current virulence of Pyrenophora teres on barley in Western Australia. Plant Dis 85:960–966. doi:10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.9.960
Gupta S, Li CD, Cakir M, Loughman M, Lance R, Appels R, Jones M (2006) Resistance for leaf blight diseases in barley populations. In: TK Turkington, DD Orr, K Xi (eds) Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Barley Leaf Blights. Edmonton, Canada. University of Alberta Conference Centre, Edmonton, pp 36–38
Jayasena KW, Loughman R, Majewski J (2002) Evaluation of fungicides in control of spot type net blotch on barley. Crop Prot 21:63–69. doi:10.10161/S0261-2194(01)00118-1
Jayasena KW, George E, Loughman R, Hardy G (2004) First record of the teleomorph stage of Drechslera teres f. maculata in Australia. Australas Plant Pathol 33:455–456. doi:10.1071/AP04032
Jayasena KW, van Burgel A, Tanaka K, Mejewski J, Loughman R (2007) Yield reduction in barley in relation to spot-type net blotch. Australas Plant Pathol 36:429–433. doi:10.1071/AP07046
Jonsson R, Sall T, Bryngelsson T (2000) Genetic diversity for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers in two Swedish populations of Pyrenophora teres. Can J Plant Pathol 22:258–264. doi:10.1080/07060660009500473
Karki CB, Sharp EL (1986) Pathogenic variation in some isolates of Pyrenophora teres f. maculata on barley. Plant Dis 70:684–687. doi:10.1094/PD-70-684
Khan TN (1989) Effect of spot-type net blotch (Dreschslera teres (Sacc.) Shoem.) infection on barley yield in short season environment of Northern Cereal Belt of Western Australia. Aust J Agric Res 40:745–752. doi:10.1071/AR9890745
Khan TN, Tekauz A (1982) Occurrence and pathogenicity of Drechslera teres isolates causing spot-type symptoms on barley in Western Australia. Plant Dis 66:423–425. doi:10.1094/PD-66-423
Lehmensiek A, Bester-van der Merwe AE, Sutherland MW, Platz G, Kriel WM, Potgieter GF, Prins R (2010) Population structure of South African and Australian Pyrenophora teres isolates. Plant Pathol 59:504–515. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2009.02231.x
Leisova L, Minarikova V, Kucera L, Ovesna J (2005) Genetic diversity of Pyrenophora teres isolates as detected by AFLP analysis. J Phytopathol 153:569–578. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2005.01019.x
Manninen O, Jalli M, Kalender R, Schulman A, Afanasenko O, Robinson J (2006) Mapping of major spot-type and net-type net blotch resistance genes in the Ethiopian barley line CI9819. Genome 49:1564–1571. doi:10.1139/G06-119
McDonald BA, Linde C (2002) Pathogen population genetics, evolutionary potential, and durable resistance. Annu Rev Phytopathol 40:349–379. doi:10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.120501.101443
McLean MS, Howlett BJ, Hollaway GJ (2009) Epidemiology and control of spot form of net blotch (Pyrenophora teres f. maculata) of barley: a review. Crop Pasture Sci 60:303–315. doi:10.1071/CP08173
McLean MS, Keiper FJ, Hollaway GJ (2010) Genetic and pathogenic diversity in Pyrenophora teres f. maculata in barley crops of Victoria, Australia. Australas Plant Pathol 39:319–325. doi:10.1071/AP09097
Molnar SJ, James LE, Kasha KJ (2000) Inheritance and RAPD tagging of multiple genes for resistance to net blotch in barley. Genome 43:224–231. doi:10.1139/gen-43-2-224
Murray GM, Brennan JP (2010) Estimating disease losses to the Australian barley industry. Australas Plant Pathol 39:85–96. doi:10.1071/AP09064
Platz GJ, Bell KL, Rees RG, Galea VJ (2000) Pathotype variation of the Australian net blotch population. In: Logue S (ed) Proc. VIII International Barley Genetics Symposium Adelaide, Australia. Volume II pp 160–162. (Adelaide University, Adelaide Convention Centre: Adelaide)
Rau D, Brown AHD, Brubaker CL (2003) Population genetic structure of Pyrenophora teres Drechs. the causal agent of net blotch in Sardinian landraces of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Theor App Genet 106:947–959. doi:10.1007/s00122-002-1173-0
R Development Core Team (2010) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL http://www.R-project.org
Serenius M, Manninen O, Wallwork H, Williams K (2007) Genetic differentiation in Pyrenophora teres populations measured with AFLP markers. Mycol Res 111:213–223. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.11.009
Smedegård-Petersen V (1971) Pyrenophora teres f. maculata f. nov. and Pyrenophora teres f. teres on barley in Denmark. In: Yearbook. Royal Veterinary Agricultural University, Copenhagen pp 124–144
Speakman JB, Pommer EH (1986) A simple method for producing large volumes of Pyrenophora teres spore suspension. Bull Brit Mycol Soc 20:129–130
Steffenson BJ (1997) Net blotch. In: Mather DE (ed) Compendium of barley diseases, 2nd edn. The American Phytopathological Society, Bozeman, pp 28–31
Steffenson BJ, Webster RK (1992) Pathotype diversity of Pyrenophora teres f. teres on barley. Phytopathology 82:170–177. doi:10.1094/Phyto-82-170
Tekauz A (1985) A numerical scale to classify reactions of barley to Pyrenophora teres. Can J Plant Pathol 7:181–183. doi:10.1080/07060668509501499
Tekauz A (1990) Characterization and distribution of pathogenic variation in Pyrenophora teres f. teres and P. teres f. maculata from western Canada. Can J Plant Pathol 12:141–148. doi:10.1080/07060669009501017
Williams KJ, Platz GJ, Barr AR, Cheong J, Willsmore K, Cakir M, Wallwork H (2003) A comparison of the genetics of seedling and adult plant resistance to the spot form of net blotch (Pyrenophora teres f. maculata). Aus J Agric Res 54:1387–1394. doi:10.1071/AR03028
Young K, Loughman R (1995) Leaf diseases of barley. In: Howes M (ed) The Barley Book. Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Perth pp 71–78
Acknowledgements
We thank Aleksandra Gadja and Rhonda Pearce for their technical support. We also thank Grains Research and Development Corporation for financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gupta, S., Loughman, R., D’Antuono, M. et al. Characterisation and diversity of Pyrenophora teres f. maculata isolates in Western Australia. Australasian Plant Pathol. 41, 31–40 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-011-0083-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-011-0083-5