Abstract
Blast, caused by Pyricularia grisea, is one of the most important diseases of wheat. The effects of silicon (Si) on this wheat disease were studied. Plants of wheat cultivars Aliança and BH-1146 were grown in plastic pots containing Si-deficient soil amended with either calcium silicate (+Si) or calcium carbonate (−Si). The content of Si in leaf tissue was significantly increased by 14.8% for the +Si treatment. There were no significant differences between Si treatments for calcium content, so variations in Si only accounted for the observed differences in the level of blast resistance. The incubation period was significantly increased, on average, by 28.2% for the +Si treatment. The area under blast progress curve and the number of lesions per cm2 of leaf area significantly decreased by 31 and 45%, respectively, for the +Si treatment. There was no significant effect of Si on final disease severity. The concentration of total soluble phenolics observed in both cultivars supplied with Si did not apparently play any role in the increased blast resistance. The highest content of lignin-thioglycolic acid derivatives was found in plants from both cultivars with Si during the time period evaluated. Chitinase activity was high at the intermediate stages of fungal infection in both cultivars supplied with Si. Peroxidase activity was found to be high at the late stage of fungal infection for both cultivars supplied with Si and seemed to play a role in enhancing wheat blast resistance. Polyphenoloxidase activity also apparently had no effect on resistance for any of the treatments. These overall results revealed the potential of Si to decrease wheat susceptibility to blast.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barber MS, Ride JP (1998) A quantitative assay for induced lignification in wounded wheat leaves and its use to survey potential elicitors of the response. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 32:185–197
Bélanger RR, Benhamou N, Menzies JG (2003) Cytological evidence of an active role of silicon in wheat resistance to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici). Phytopathology 93:402–412
Carver TLW, Robbins MP, Thomas BJ, Troth K, Raistrick N, Zeyen RJ (1998) Silicon deprivation enhances localized autofluorescent responses and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in oat attacked by Blumeria graminis. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 52:245–257
Chance B, Maehley AC (1955) Assay of catalases and peroxidases. Meth Enzymol 2:764–775
Chérif M, Asselin A, Bélanger RR (1994) Defense responses induced by soluble silicon in cucumber roots infected by Pythium spp. Phytopathology 84:236–242
Datnoff LE, Rodrigues FÁ, Seebold KW (2007) Silicon and plant disease. In: Datnoff LE, Elmer WH, Huber DM (eds) Mineral nutrition and plant disease. The American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, pp 233–246
Gomez KA, Gomez AA (1994) Statistical procedures for agricultural research, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York
Guével MH, Menzies JG, Bélanger RR (2007) Effect of root and foliar applications of soluble silicon on powdery mildew control and growth of wheat plants. Eur J Plant Pathol 119:429–436
Harman GE, Hayes CK, Lorito M, Broadway RM, Pietro AD, Peterbauer C, Tronsmo A (1993) Chitinolytic enzymes of Trichoderma harzianum, purification of chitobiosidase and endochitinase. Phytopathology 83:313–318
Igarashi S, Utiamada CM, Igarashi IC, Kazuma AH, Lopes RS (1986) Pyricularia em trigo. 1. Ocorrência de Pyricularia sp. no estado do Paraná. Fitopatol Bras 11:351–352
Inanaga S, Okasaka A (1995) Calcium and silicon binding compounds in cell walls of rice shoots. Jpn J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 41:103–110
IRRI (1996) Standard evaluation system for rice, 4th edn. International Rice Research Institute, Manila
Kar M, Miashra D (1976) Catalase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities during rice leaf senescence. Plant Physiol 57:315–319
Kim SG, Kim KW, Park EW, Choi D (2002) Silicon-induced cell wall fortification of rice leaves, a possible cellular mechanism of enhanced host resistance to blast. Phytopathology 92:1095–1103
Korndörfer GH, Pereira HS, Nolla A (2004) Análise de silício, solo planta e fertilizante Uberlândia MG, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (Boletim Técnico) 24 p
Lima ALS, DaMatta FM, Pinheiro HA, Totola MR, Loureiro ME (2002) Photochemical responses and oxidative stress in two clones of Coffea canephora under water deficit conditions. Environ Exp Bot 47:239–247
Ou SH (1985) Rice diseases, 2nd Ed. Commonwealth Mycological Institute Kew England
Rafi MM, Epstein E (1999) Silicon absorption by wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Plant Soil 211:223–230
Rauyaree P, Choi W, Fang E, Blackmon B, Dean R (2001) Genes expressed during early stages of rice infection with the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Mol Plant Pathol 2:347–354
Rémus-Borel W, Menzies JG, Bélanger RR (2005) Silicon induces antifungal compounds in powdery mildew-infected wheat. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 66:108–115
Resende RR, Rodrigues FA, Soares JM, Casela CR (2009) Influence of silicon on some components of resistance to anthracnose in susceptible and resistant sorghum lines. Eur J Plant Pathol 124:533–541
Roberts WK, Selitrennikoff CP (1988) Plant and bacterial chitinases differ in antifungal activity. J Gen Microbiol 134:169–176
Rodgers-Gray BS, Shaw MW (2000) Substantial reductions in winter wheat diseases caused by addition of rice straw but not manure to soil. Plant Pathol 49:590–599
Rodrigues FA, Vale FXR, Korndörfer GH, Prabhu AS, Datnoff LE, Oliveira AMA, Zambolim L (2003) Influence of silicon on sheath blight of rice in Brazil. Crop Prot 22:23–29
Rodrigues FA, McNally DJ, Datnoff LE, Jones JB, Labbé C, Benhamou N, Menzies JG, Bélanger RR (2004) Silicon enhances the accumulation of diterpenoid phytoalexins in rice: a potential mechanism for blast resistance. Phytopathology 94:177–183
Rodrigues FA, Jurick WM, Datnoff LE, Jones JB, Rollins JA (2005) Silicon influences cytological and molecular events in compatible and incompatible rice-Magnaporthe grisea interactions. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 66:144–159
Rodrigues FA, Duarte HSS, Domiciano GP, Souza CA, Korndörfer GH (2009) Foliar application of potassium silicate reduces the intensity of soybean rust. Australas Plant Pathol 38:366–372
Seebold KW, Kucharek TA, Datnoff LE, Correa-Victoria FJ, Marchetti MA (2001) The influence of silicon on components of resistance to blast in susceptible partially resistant and resistant cultivars of rice. Phytopathology 91:63–69
Shaner G, Finney RE (1977) The effect of nitrogen fertilization on the expression of slow-mildewing resistance in Knox wheat. Phytopathology 67:1051–1056
Southerton SG, Deverall BJ (1990) Changes in phenolic acid levels in wheat leaves expressing resistance to Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 37:437–450
Urashima AS, Kato H (1998) Pathogenic relationship between isolates of Pyricularia grisea of wheat and others hosts at different host developmental stages. Fitopatol Bras 23:30–35
Warburg O, Christian W (1941) Isohering und kristallisation des gõrungs ferments enolase. Biochemistry Zeitung 310:384–421
Zadoks JC, Chang TT, Konzac CF (1974) A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Res 14:415–421
Zieslin N, Ben-Zaken R (1993) Peroxidase activity and presence of phenolic substances in penduncles of rose flowers. Plant Physiol Biochem 31:333–339
Acknowledgements
F.A. Rodrigues thanks CNPq for his fellowship. M.S. Xavier and G.P. Domiciano were supported by CNPq. The authors would like to express their appreciation to Prof. G.F. Corrêa for selecting the soil type used in this study, to Prof. G.H. Korndörfer for plant tissue analysis for Si, and to Mr. L.A. Zanão Júnior for technical assistance. We are indebted to Prof. R.R. Bélanger for providing the x-ray analysis of the wheat leaves. This work was supported by grants from CAPES, CNPq, and FAPEMIG to Prof. Rodrigues.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Filha, M.S.X., Rodrigues, F.A., Domiciano, G.P. et al. Wheat resistance to leaf blast mediated by silicon. Australasian Plant Pathol. 40, 28–38 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-010-0010-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-010-0010-1