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The quest for a globally comprehensible Russula language

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Abstract

Since 2007, the quality of Russula descriptions has improved and the use of molecular support for species delimitation and the number of published new species has increased. However, the description style is not consistent and has regional or author-specific patterns. Most recent publications still favour descriptions of spores compared to hymenium and pileipellis elements, and usually only the spore size is provided with statistical support. This study proposes standards for descriptions of the microscopic structure of Russula species (Russulaceae, Agaricomycetes). We present the description template, the template measurements table, the specific terminology and the essential chemical reagents. The proposed standards were tested by mycologists from 11 countries who met at the Russula Microscopy Workshop in Slovakia. Descriptions of 26 species from 9 countries and four continents were prepared, among them R. amarissima, R. castanopsidis, R. seperina and R. subtilis are re-described and 15 species are introduced as new: R. abietiphila, R. amerorecondita, R. aurantioflava, R. echidna, R. flavobrunnescens, R. fluvialis, R. fortunae, R. garyensis, R. gemmata, R. laevis, R. madrensis, R. olivaceohimalayensis, R. purpureogracilis, R. sancti-pauli and R. wielangtae. Seven descriptions for candidate new species are provided without a formal name assignment. Pairwise comparison of species described in this study with available similar descriptions of related species suggests that microscopic characters from all parts of the basidiomata can be equally important for species recognition and they deserve the same treatment including number of measurements and statistics. The majority of recent studies does not recognise differences between the pileus margin and centre, but more than one-third of the species described in this study show distinct differences between the pileus areas, emphasizing the importance to specify the origin of pileipellis observations. This study proved that there is frequently insufficient difference in the ITS barcode between closely related species and that it is necessary to use more genetic markers combined with ecological and geographical data.

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Acknowledgements

The Russula Microscopy Workshop in Slovakia was hosted by the Plant Science and Biodiversity Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences; the staff of the branch in Banská Bystrica, particularly Katarína Skokanová, is acknowledged for help with the organisation. The workshop and sequencing expenses of the Slovak team (S. Adamčík, K. Adamčíková, M. Caboň and S. Jančovičová) were funded by Slovak Grant APVV 15-0210. The curator of the herbarium of New York Botanical Garden is acknowledged for the loan of the type specimen of R. subtilis. Funding for A. Corrales was provided by the Robert L. Gilbertson Mycological Herbarium Grant (University of Arizona) and the Ewel Postdoctoral Fellowship (University of Florida), we also thank James Dalling for his help during the development of the project at Fortuna. Dr. Junaid Khan is acknowledged for providing additional field collections of R. aurantioflava. Munazza Kiran and Malka Saba acknowledge financial support from the Higher Education Commission (HEC)-Pakistan under the International Research Support Initiative Program (IRSIP). They also thanks Prof. Donald H. Pfister for providing them with molecular research facilities at the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, MA, USA and Abdullah Jan and Hira Wahab (University of Peshawar, Pakistan) for the preparation of SEM images. Komsit Wisitrassameewong, Hyun Lee and Young Woon Lim were supported by the project on the survey and excavation of Korean indigenous species of the National Institute of Biological Resources (grant number NIBR201902113)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23, Bratislava, Slovakia

    Slavomír Adamčík & Miroslav Caboň

  2. Department of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708-0338, USA

    Brian Looney

  3. Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius, University in Bratislava, Révová 39, 811 02, Bratislava, Slovakia

    Soňa Jančovičová

  4. Department of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Zvolen, Akademická 2, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia

    Katarína Adamčíková

  5. Indiana University Northwest, 3400 Broadway, Marram Hall, Room 308, Gary, IN, 46408, USA

    Peter G. Avis & Magdalena Barajas

  6. Department of Botany & Microbiology, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Garhwal, Srinagar, 246174, Uttarakhand, India

    Rajendra P. Bhatt & Aniket Ghosh

  7. Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Cr. 24 # 63C-69, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia

    Adriana Corrales

  8. A.J.C. Bose Indian Botanic Garden, Botanical Survey of India, P.O. Botanic Garden, Howrah, 711103, India

    Kanad Das

  9. Gräfenroda, Germany

    Felix Hampe

  10. Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Private Bag 98, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia

    Genevieve Gates

  11. Helsinki, Finland

    Ville Kälviäinen

  12. Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan

    Abdul Nasir Khalid & Munazza Kiran

  13. Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Ruben De Lange & Annemieke Verbeken

  14. School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea

    Hyun Lee, Young Woon Lim & Komsit Wisitrassameewong

  15. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Biológicas, Km. 10.5 Carretera San Martín Texmelucan-Tlaxcala, CP. 90120, Ixtacuixtla, Tlaxcala, Mexico

    Alejandro Kong

  16. Department of Mycology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Biologicum, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Cathrin Manz

  17. Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, 100. N. University Drive, Box 89, Edmond, OK, 73034, USA

    Clark Ovrebo

  18. Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan

    Malka Saba

  19. Koskenkylän Saha, Finland

    Tero Taipale

  20. Institut de Systématique, Ecologie et Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 39, 75005, Paris, France

    Bart Buyck

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Correspondence to Slavomír Adamčík.

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Adamčík, S., Looney, B., Caboň, M. et al. The quest for a globally comprehensible Russula language. Fungal Diversity 99, 369–449 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00437-2

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