Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can improve nitrogen (N2) fixing potential of legumes under metalloid stress by enhancing nutrient uptake and modulating antioxidant defense mechanisms. Diversity among AM species in imparting metalloid tolerance highlights the importance of selecting best host-fungal combinations. Therefore, effectiveness of AM species: Rhizoglomus intraradices (Ri), Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), and Claroideoglomus claroideum (Cc) in improving N2 fixation was assessed in two differentially metalloid tolerant chickpea genotypes: HC 3 and C 235 under arsenate (AsV) and arsenite (AsIII) stress. Nodulation potential had a negative correlation with As, the impacts being more severe in C 235 than HC 3. AM species strengthened symbiotic process by enhancing availability of N, P and Fe to the nodules through increased soil enzymes activities. AM also accelerated the activities of sucrolytic enzymes in host nodules, for improved C accessibility to the bacterioids. Mycorrhization significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme activities as well as the concentrations of thiol derivatives. Ri was most efficient in improving functional efficiency of nodules, closely followed by Fm, with least positive impact of Cc, which could be related to their differential mycorrhizal colonizing abilities. Study highlighted importance of Ri inoculation for maximising the symbiotic efficiency of chickpea in As contaminated soils.
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Acknowledgements
Authors are thankful to Haryana Agriculture University (HAU), Hisar, Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI), The Energy and Resource Institute (TERI), New Delhi, for providing biological materials. We pay our sincere regards to Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Facility (SAIF), Panjab University, Chandigarh for technical assistance.
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The data supporting the results of present study are included in this article and supplementary materials.
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The research work was financed by The Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India (BT/PR13409/BPA/118/122/2015).
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Both the authors contributed equally in the preparation of manuscript. NG designed the work plan, AC conducted research experiments. Both NG and AC finalized the research article.
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Fig. 1 Effect of mycorrhizal inoculations on enzymatic antioxidant activities: a. Ascorbate Peroxidase (APOX, nkat mg-1 protein), b. Monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR, nkat mg-1 protein) and c. Dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, nkat mg-1 protein) in nodules of two Cicer arietinum L. genotypes (HC 3-As tolerant, and C 235-As sensitive) under AsV60 and AsIII10 stress. Values are means of six replicates ± standard error (SE). Points topped by the same letter do not differ significantly at p ≤ 0.05 as assessed by Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). ––NM (non-mycorrhizal plants), –Cc (Claroideoglomus claroideum), –Fm- (Funneliformis mosseae), –Ri- (Rhizoglomus intraradices) (PNG 4322 kb)
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Cheema, A., Garg, N. Differential effectiveness of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in improving Rhizobial symbiosis by modulating Sucrose metabolism and Antioxidant defense in Chickpea under As stress. Symbiosis 86, 49–69 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-021-00815-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-021-00815-y