Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

A Review of Techniques for Effective Tropical Peatland Restoration

  • Review
  • Published:
Wetlands Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Indonesia’s peatlands have been subject to extensive deforestation and degradation resulting from logging, drainage, fires and conversion to other land uses. A number of restoration initiatives have been attempted to address this degradation yet, to date, there has been little coherent or rigorous reflection on the effectiveness of these interventions. This paper examines the barriers to peatland restoration in Indonesia and reviews the techniques so far used to restore degraded peatland in the tropics. Direct barriers to peatland restoration in Indonesia include altered peat topography, peatland drainage, the presence of invasive ferns and shrub species, repeated fires, and flooding risks. Indirect barriers include climate change, inconsistent land-use policy and lack of alternative livelihood options. We highlight that most restoration activities carried out to date have been small-scale trials and the restoration techniques used have included canal blocking, seedling transplantation, and promotion of seed dispersal. We suggest that successful peatland restoration in Indonesia is as much dependent on meaningful land use policy and governance reform as it is on the technical effectiveness of specific restoration methods.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aldhous P (2004) Borneo is burning. Nature 432:144–146

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anshari G, Murdiyarso D, Herawati H (2005) Carbon decline from peatlands and its implications on livelihood security of local communities. Carbon forestry: who will benefit?. Proceedings of Workshop on carbon sequestration and sustainable livelihoods, Bogor, Indonesia, 16-17, 112-123

  • Applegate G, Hooijer A, Mulyadi D, Ichsan N, van der Vat M (2012) The impact of drainage and degradation on tropical peatland hydrology, and its implications for effective rehabilitation. IAFCP, Jakarta

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong A, Holden J, Kay P, Foulger M, Gledhill S, McDonald AT, Walker A (2009) Drain-blocking techniques on blanket peat: a framework for best practice. Journal of Environmental Management 90:3512–3519

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballhorn U, Siegert F, Mason M, Limin S (2009) Derivation of burn scar depths and estimation of carbon emissions with LIDAR in Indonesian peatlands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:21213–21218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BAPPENAS (2009) Reducing carbon emissions from Indonesia's peat lands: interim report of a multi-disciplinary study. Indonesian National Planning Agency, Jakarta

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkah SB, Sidiq M (2009) Panduan: Penyekatan Parit/Kanal dan Pengelolaannya Bersama Masyarakat di Areal Hutan Rawa Gambut MRPP Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin, Merang REDD Pilot Project (MRPP). Palembang, South

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackham GV, Andri T, Webb EL, Corlett RT (2013) Seed rain into a degraded tropical peatland in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biological Conservation 167:215–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blackham GV, Webb EL, Corlett RT (2014) Natural regeneration in a degraded tropical peatland, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia: implications for forest restoration. Forest Ecology and Management 324:8–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Böhm H, Siegert F (2001) Land use change and (il)-legal logging in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Peatlands for People Natural Resources Function and Sustainable Management, Proceedings Of the International Peat Symposium, Jakarta, Indonesia, 22–24

  • Brooks S, Stoneman RE (1997) Conserving bogs: the management handbook. The Stationery Office, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  • Chokkalingam U, Kurniawan I, Ruchiat Y (2005) Fire, livelihoods, and environmental change in the middle Mahakam Peatlands, East Kalimantan. Ecology and Society 10:26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CKPP (2008) Provisional Report of the Central Kalimantan Peatland Project, Wetlands International http://ckpp.wetlands.org/

  • Collier MJ (2011) Incorporating socio-economic factors into restoration: implications from industrially harvested peatlands. Restoration Ecology 19:559–563

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Arcy L, Graham L (2008) The potential effects of naturally low rates of secondary seed dispersal, coupled with reduction in densities of primary seed dispersers on forest tree species diversity in regenerating peat swamp forest. In Wosten JHM, Rieley JO, Page SE (eds) Restoration of tropical peatland. ALTERRA-Wageningen University and Research Centre and the EU INCO-RESTOPEAT Partnership, Wageningen, pp 45–55

  • Dohong A, Lilia (2003) The utilization of peatlands as agricultural crops production in Central Kalimantan Indonesia: case study of Kalampangan Village. International Seminar on ‘Wise Use and Sustainable Management of Peatland’, Narathiwat, Thailand, 9–11

  • Dohong A, Lilia (2008) Hydrology restoration of ex Mega Rice Project Central Kalimantan through canal blocking technique: lessons learned and steps forward. In Wosten JHM, Rieley JO, Page SE (eds) Restoration of tropical peatland. ALTERRA-Wageningen University and Research Centre and the EU INCO-RESTOPEAT Partnership, Wageningen, pp 125–130

  • Dommain R, Couwenberg J, Joosten H (2011) Development and carbon sequestration of tropical peat domes in south-east Asia: links to post-glacial sea-level changes and Holocene climate variability. Quaternary Science Reviews 30:999–1010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Englhart S (2013) Monitoring restoration and aboveground biomass in tropical peat swamp forests on Borneo using multi-sensoral remote sensing data. PhD thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

  • Euroconsult Mott MacDonald D, Hydraulics D (2009) Guideline for canal blocking design in the ex-mega rice project area in Central Kalimantan: technical guideline number 4. Government of Indonesia, and Royal Netherlands Embassy, Jakarta

    Google Scholar 

  • Franke J, Navratil P, Keuck V, Peterson K, Siegert F (2012) Monitoring fire and selective logging activities in tropical peat swamp forests. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 5:1811–1820

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gandois L, Cobb AR, Hei IC, Lim LBL, Salim KA, Harvey CF (2013) Impact of deforestation on solid and dissolved organic matter characteristics of tropical peat forests: implications for carbon release. Biogeochemistry 114:183–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giesen W (2004) Causes of peat swamp Forest degradation in Berbak NP, Indonesia, and recommendations for restoration, Arcadis Euroconsult, Wageningen

  • Giesen W, Euroconsult A (2004) Part of the project on promoting the river basin and ecosystem approach for sustainable management of SE Asian lowland peat swamp forests: case study Air Hitam Laut river basin, Jambi Province, Indonesia

  • Graham LB, Turjaman M, Page S (2013) Shorea balangeran and Dyera polyphylla (syn. Dyera lowii) as tropical peat swamp forest restoration transplant species: effects of mycorrhizae and level of disturbance. Wetlands Ecology and Management 21:307–321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham LL, Page SE (2014) Forest restoration in degraded tropical peat swamp forests, 3–4. FAO and Biodiversity Internation, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham LLB, D'Arcy L, Page ES (2007) Understanding the growth strategies of tropical peat swamp forest tree species: establishing potential restoration tools. Carbon-climate-human interaction on tropical peatland, Proceedings of the International Symposium and Workshop on Tropical Peatland, Yogyakarta

  • Graham LLB, Page SE (2012) Artificial bird perches for the regeneration of degraded tropical peat swamp forest: a restoration tool with limited potential. Restor Ecol 20:631–637

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grand-Clement E, Anderson K, Smith D, Luscombe D, Gatis N, Ross M, Brazier RE (2013) Evaluating ecosystem goods and services after restoration of marginal upland peatlands in South-West England. Journal of Applied Ecology 50:324–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunawan H, Kobayashi S, Mizuno K, Kono Y (2012) Peat swamp forest types and their regeneration in Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve, Riau, East Sumatra, Indonesia. Mires and Peat 10:1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunawan H, Page ES, Muhammad A, Qomar N, Helentina T, Hakim A, Yanti MM, Darmasanti P (2007) Peat swamp forest regeneration using green belts in a timber estate in Riau, Sumatra, Indonesia. Carbon-climate-human interaction on tropical peatland, Proceedings of the International Symposium and Workshop on Tropical Peatland, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 27–29

  • Hoekman DH (2007) Satellite radar observation of tropical peat swamp forest as a tool for hydrological modelling and environmental protection. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshwat Ecosyst 17:265–275

  • Hooijer A, Page S, Jauhiainen J, Lee WA, Lu XX, Idris A, Anshari G (2012) Subsidence and carbon loss in drained tropical peatlands. Biogeosciences 9:1053–1071

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hooijer A, Silvius M, Wosten H, Page ES (2006) PEAT-CO2: assessment of CO2 emissions from drained peatlands in SE Asia

  • Houterman J, Ritzema HP (2009) Land and water management in the Ex-Mega Rice Project Area in Central Kalimantan, Government of Indonesia and Royal Netherlands Embassy, Jakarta

  • Hoscilo A, Page SE, Tansey KJ (2008) Development of post-fire vegetation in the tropical ecosystem of Central Kalimantan Indonesia. In Wosten JHM, Rieley JO, Page SE (eds) Restoration of tropical peatland. ALTERRA-Wageningen University and Research Centre and the EU INCO-RESTOPEAT Partnership, Wageningen, pp 139–142

  • Hoscilo A, Page SE, Tansey KJ, Rieley JO (2011) Effect of repeated fires on land-cover change on peatland in southern Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, from 1973 to 2005. Int J Wildland Fire 20:578–88

  • Jaenicke J, Englhart S, Siegert F (2011) Monitoring the effect of restoration measures in Indonesian peatlands by radar satellite imagery. Journal of Environmental Management 92:630–638

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaenicke J, Wösten H, Budiman A, Siegert F (2010) Planning hydrological restoration of peatlands in Indonesia to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 15:223–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jauhiainen J, Hooijer A, Page SE (2012) Carbon dioxide emissions from an acacia plantation on peatland in, Indonesia. Biogeosciences 9:617–630

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jauhiainen J, Limin S, Silvennoinen H, Vasander H (2008) Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in drained tropical peat before and after hydrological restoration. Ecology 89:3503–3514

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joosten H (2009) The global peatland CO2 picture. Wetlands International, Ede, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Koh LP, Miettinen J, Liew SC, Ghazoul J (2011) Remotely sensed evidence of tropical peatland conversion to oil palm. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108:5127–5132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kozulin AV, Tanovitskaya NI, Vershitskaya IN (2010) Methodical Recommendations for Ecological Rehabilitation of Damaged Mires and Prevention of Disturbances to the Hydrological Regime of Mire Ecosystems in the Process of Drainage, UNDP

  • Landry J, Rochefort L (2012) The drainage of peatlands: impacts and rewetting techniques. Département de phytologie, Université Laval., Québec

    Google Scholar 

  • Limin S, Yunsiska E, Kitso K, Alim S (2007) Restoration of hydrology status as the key to rehabilitation of damaged peatland in Central Kalimantan. Carbon-climate-human interaction on tropical peatland, Proceedings of the International Symposium and Workshop on Tropical Peatland, Yoyakarta, Indonesia, 27–29

  • Limin SH, Yunsiska E, Kitso K, Alim S (2008) Restoration of hydrological status as the key to rehabilitation of damaged peatland in Central Kalimantan. In Wosten JHM, Rieley JO, Page SE (eds) Restoration of tropical peatland. ALTERRA-Wageningen University and Research Centre and the EU INCO-RESTOPEAT Partnership, Wageningen, pp 118–124

  • Lisa (2009) Dam-it's even harder than it looks!, 20 April, Greenpeace International, November 2, 2009, <http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/climate-change/dam-its-even-harder-than-it-looks/blog/9088/>

  • Lunt P, Allott T, Anderson P, Buckler M, Coupar A, Jones P, Labadz J, Worrall P, Evan M (2010) Peatland Restoration http://www.iucn-uk-peatlandprogramme.org/sites/all/files/Review%20Peatlands%20Restoration.%20June%202011Final.pdf (Accessed 20 May 2012)

  • Margono BA, Potapov PV, Turubanova S, Stolle F, Hansen MC (2014) Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over 2000-2012. Nature Clim. Change, vol. advance online publication

  • Maya T (2009) Canal blocking effective to increase humidity of peatland in Sebangau (viewed 08/08/2013)

  • Miettinen J, Hooijer A, Shi C, Tollenaar D, Vernimmen R, Liew SC, Malins C, Page SE (2012) Extent of industrial plantations on Southeast Asian peatlands in 2010 with analysis of historical expansion and future projections. GCB Bioenergy

  • Miettinen J, Shi C, Liew SC (2012) Two decades of destruction in Southeast Asia's peat swamp forests. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10:124–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MoARI (2009) Peraturan Menteri Pertanian No. 14/Permentan/PL.110/2/2009 tentang Pedoman Pemanfaatan Lahan Gambut untuk Budidaya Kelapa Sawit (Minister of Agriculture Regulation No. 14/Permentan/PL.110/2/2009 concerning Guideline on the utilization of peatland for palm oil cultivation), Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta

  • MoLHRRI (2014) Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia No. 71 tahun 2014 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Ekosistem Gambut (Government Regulation of Republic Indonesia No. 71 of 2014 on peatland ecosystems protection and management), Ministry of Law and Human Rights, Jakarta

  • Morrogh-Bernard H, Husson S, Page SE, Rieley JO (2003) Population status of the Bornean orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus) in the Sebangau peat swamp forest, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biological Conservation 110:141–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noor YR, Heyde J, Suryadiputra IN (2005) Community-based approach to peatland adaptation and management in Central Kalimantan, Jambi and South, Indonesia. Carbon Forestry, p. 124

  • Outrop (2010) Annual report, 2010, the orang-utan tropical peatland project, Palangka Raya, Indonesia

  • Page S, Hooijer A (2014) Environmental impacts and consequences of utilizing peatlands, 9, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 978-92-5-108546-2

  • Page SE, Graham L, Hoscilo A, Limin S (2008) Vegetation restoration on degraded tropical peatlands: opportunities and barrier. In Wosten JHM, Rieley JO, Page SE (eds) Restoration of tropical peatland. ALTERRA-Wageningen University and Research Centre and the EU INCO-RESTOPEAT Partnership, Wageningen, pp 64–68

  • Page SE, Hoscilo A, Langner A, Tansey K, Siegert F, Limin S, Rieley J (2009a) Tropical peatland fires in Southeast Asia. Tropical Fire Ecology, Springer:263–287

  • Page SE, Hoscio A, Wösten H, Jauhiainen J, Silvius M, Rieley J, Ritzema H, Tansey K, Graham L, Vasander H, Limin S (2009b) Restoration ecology of lowland tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia: current knowledge and future research directions. Ecosystems 12:888–905

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Page SE, Rieley JO, Banks CJ (2011) Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool. Global Change Biology 17:798–818

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Page SE, Siegert F, Rieley JO, Boehm H-DV, Jaya A, Limin S (2002) The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997. Nature 420:61–65

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Page SE, Waldes N (2008) Unlocking the natural resource functions of tropical peatlands: understanding the nature and diversity of peat swamp forest vegetation as a foundation for restoration studies. In Wosten JHM, Rieley JO, Page SE (eds) Restoration of tropical peatland. ALTERRA-Wageningen University and Research Centre and the EU INCO-RESTOPEAT Partnership, Wageningen, pp 30–38

  • Pan Y, Birdsey RA, Phillips OL, Jackson RB (2013) The structure, distribution, and biomass of the World's Forests. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 44:593

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panda A, deVries BR, Rosidi M, Simon O, Ansori M, Kasih RC (2012) Rewetting the Sebangau Peatland Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Wild Fire and Carbon Management in Peat-Forest in Indonesia, Palangka Raya, Indonesia, 22–24

  • Parry LE, Holden J, Chapman PJ (2014) Restoration of blanket peatlands. Journal of Environmental Management 133:193–205

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Posa MRC, Wijedasa LS, Corlett RT (2011) Biodiversity and conservation of tropical peat swamp forests. Bioscience 61:49–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rieley JO, Page ES (2008) The science of tropical peatlands and the Central Kalimantan peatland development, 10 June, master plan for the rehabilitation and revitalization of the ex-mega Rice project area in Central Kalimantan. Government of Indonesia and Royal Netherlands Embassy, Jakarta

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritzema H, Limin S, Kusin K, Jauhiainen J, Wösten H (2014) Canal blocking strategies for hydrological restoration of degraded tropical peatlands in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Catena 114:11–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ritzema HP (2007) The role of drainage in the wise use of tropical peatlands. Carbon-climate-human interaction on tropical peatland, Proceedings of the International Symposium and Workshop on Tropical Peatland, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

  • Rydin H, Jeglum JK (2013) The biology of peatlands. Ebooks, Corporation, Oxford University Press Oxford, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Saharjo BH (2007) Shifting cultivation in peatlands. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 12:135–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silvius M, Diemont H (2007) Peatlands, climate change, poverty, biofuels, pulp and reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation. Institute for Environmental Studies

  • Silvius MJ, Suryadiputra N (2005) Review of policies and practices in tropical peat swamp forest management in Indonesia. Wetlands International

  • Sunarto S, Kelly MJ, Parakkasi K, Klenzendorf S, Septayuda E, Kurniawan H (2012) Tigers need cover: multi-scale occupancy study of the big cat in n forest and plantation landscapes. PLoS One 7(1):e30859

  • Suryadiputra IN, Dohong A, Waspodo RSB, Lubis IR, Hasundungan F, Wibisono IT (2005) A guide to the canal blocking of canals and ditches in conjunction with the community, climate change, forests and peatland in Indonesia. Wetlands International-Indonesia Programme-Wildlife Habitat Canada, Bogor

    Google Scholar 

  • Susilo GE (2013) Effect of canal damming on the surface water level stability in the tropical peatland area. Journal of water and environment technology 11:263–274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suyanto S, Khususiyah N, Sardi I, Buana Y, van Noordwijk M (2009) Analysis of local livelihoods from past to present in the Central Kalimantan ex-mega rice project area. World Agroforestry Centre, Bogor

    Google Scholar 

  • Tawaraya K, Takaya Y, Turjaman M, Tuah SJ, Limin SH, Tamai Y, Cha JY, Wagatsuma T, Osaki M (2003) Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of tree species grown in peat swamp forests of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Forest Ecology and Management 182:381–386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turjaman M, Saito H, Santoso E, Susanto A, Gaman S, Limin S, Shibuya M, Takahashi K, Tamai Y, Osaki M, Tawaraya K (2008) Effect of Ectomycorrhizal fungi inoculated on Shorea balangeran under field conditions in peat swamp forests. In Wosten JHM, Rieley JO, Page SE (eds) Restoration of tropical peatland. ALTERRA-Wageningen University and Research Centre and the EU INCO-RESTOPEAT Partnership, Wageningen, pp 154–159

  • van Eijk P, Leenman P (2004) Regeneration of fire degraded peatswamp forest in Berbak National Park and implementation in replanting programmes. Water for Food & Ecosystems Program project on: promoting the river basin and ecosystem approach for sustainable management of SE Asian lowland peatswamp forest. Case study Air Hitam Laut river basin, Jambi Province, Indonesia., Alterra Green World Research, Wageningen

  • van Eijk P, Leenman P, Wibisono ITC, Giesen W (2009) Regeneration and restoration of degraded peat swamp forest in Berbak NP, Jambi,, Indonesia. Malayan Nature Journal 61:223–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Wibisono I, Siboro L, Suryadiputra INN (2005) Panduan rehabilitasi dan teknik silvikultur di Lahan Gambut, Proyek Climate Change, Forests and Peatlands in Indonesia. Wetlands International-Indonesia Programme dan Wildlife Habitat. Canada. Bogor, p. 174

  • Wösten H, Clymans E, Page SE, Rieley JO, Limin SH (2008) Peat-water interrelationships in a tropical peatland ecosystem in Southeast Asia. Catena 73:212–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wosten H, Hooijer A, Siderius C, Rais DS, Idris A, Rieley J (2006) Tropical peatland water management modelling of the air Hitam Laut catchment in Indonesia. International Journal of River Basin Management 4:233–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wösten H, Page ES, Limin SH (2007) Implications of groundwater level fluctuations for a tropical peatland ecosystem in Southeast Asia. JO Rieley, CJ banks & Radjagukguk (eds), Carbon-climate-human interaction on tropical peatland, Proceedings of the International Symposium and Workshop on Tropical Peatland., Yogyakarta, pp. 111-5

  • Wösten H, Van Den Berg J, Van Eijk P, Gevers GJM, Giesen WBJT, Hooijer A, Idris A, Leenman PH, Rais DS, Siderius C, Silvius MJ, Suryadiputra N, Wibisono IT (2006) Interrelationships between hydrology and ecology in fire degraded tropical peat swamp forests. International Journal of Water Resources Development 22:157–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yule C (2010) Loss of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in Indo-Malayan peat swamp forests. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:393–409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuwati TW, Santosa BS, Hermawan B (2007) Arbuscular Mycorrhiza fungi application for rehabilitation of degraded peat swamp forest in Central Kalimantan. Carbon-climate-human interaction on tropical peatland, Proceedings of the International Symposium and Workshop on Tropical Peatland, Yoyakarta, 27-29

  • Zakaria S (1992) Water management in deep peat soils in Malaysia. PhD Thesis, Cranfield University

  • Zedler JB (2000) Progress in wetland restoration ecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15:402–407

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia

    Alue Dohong & Paul Dargusch

  2. Faculty of Economics and Business, Palangka Raya University, Palangka Raya, Indonesia

    Alue Dohong

  3. Peatland Restoration Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia

    Alue Dohong

  4. School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia

    Ammar Abdul Aziz

Authors
  1. Alue Dohong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ammar Abdul Aziz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Paul Dargusch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ammar Abdul Aziz.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dohong, A., Abdul Aziz, A. & Dargusch, P. A Review of Techniques for Effective Tropical Peatland Restoration. Wetlands 38, 275–292 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-018-1017-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-018-1017-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation