Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Simulation of the extreme waves generated by typhoon Bolaven (1215) in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea

  • Published:
Acta Oceanologica Sinica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Record-breaking high waves occurred during the passage of the typhoon Bolaven (1215) (TYB) in the East China Sea (ECS) and Yellow Sea (YS) although its intensity did not reach the level of a super typhoon. Winds and directional wave measurements were made using a range of in-situ instruments mounted on an ocean tower and buoys. In order to understand how such high waves with long duration occurred, analyses have been made through measurement and numerical simulations. TYB winds were generated using the TC96 typhoon wind model with the best track data calibrated with the measurements. And then the wind fields were blended with the reanalyzed synoptic-scale wind fields for a wave model. Wave fields were simulated using WAM4.5 with adjustment of C d for gust of winds and bottom friction for the study area. Thus the accuracy of simulations is considerably enhanced, and the computed results are also in better agreement with measured data than before. It is found that the extremely high waves evolved as a result of the superposition of distant large swells and high wind seas generated by strong winds from the front/right quadrant of the typhoon track. As the typhoon moved at a speed a little slower than the dominant wave group velocity in a consistent direction for two days, the wave growth was significantly enhanced by strong wind input in an extended fetch and non-linear interaction.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allan J C, Komar P D. 2002. Extreme storms on the Pacific northwest coast during the 1997-98 El Niño and 1998-99 La Niña. J Coast Res, 18(1): 175–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Bender C, Smith J K, Kennedy A, et al. 2013. STWAVE simulation of Hurricane Ike: model results and comparison to data. Coast Eng, 73: 58–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bidlot J-R. 2012. Present status of wave forecasting at ECMWF. In: The ECMWF Workshop on Ocean Waves. Reading, United Kingdom: ECMWF

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouws E, Komen G J. 1983. On the balance between growth and dissipation in an extreme depth-limited wind-sea in the southern North Sea. J Phys Oceanogr, 13(9): 1653–1658

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cardone V J, Greenwood C V, Greenwood J A. 1992. Unified program for the specification of hurricane boundary layer winds over surfaces of specified roughness. Final Report, Contract Report CERC-92-1, Dept of the Army, WES, Vicksburg, MS

    Google Scholar 

  • Chae J W, Jeong W M, Jun K C, et al. 2013. Extreme waves generated by typhoon Bolaven (201215) in Southern Korean Waters. In: Proceedings of the 7th APAC, Bali, Indonesia

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox A T, Cardone V J. 2000. Operational system for the prediction of tropical cyclone generated winds and waves. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Wave Hindcasting and Forecasting. Monterey, California

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolan R, Davis R E. 1992. An intensity scale for Atlantic coast northeast storms. J Coast Res, 8(4): 840–853

    Google Scholar 

  • Donelan M A, Haus B K, Reul N, et al. 2004. On the limiting aerodynamic roughness of the ocean in very strong winds. Geophys Res Lett, 31(18), doi: 10.1029/2004GL019460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DY Engineering (DY Eng.). 2012. Proposal of detail design for the damaged breakwaters’ repair works of Seogwipo Harbor. Internal Report (in Korean)

  • Evans A D, Falvey R J. 2012. Annual tropical cyclone report. JTWC, 117

    Google Scholar 

  • Günther H. 2005. WAM cycle 4.5 version 2.0. Institute for Coastal Research, GKSS Research Centre, Geesthacht, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Gusdal Y, Carrasco A, Furevik B R, et al. 2010. Validation of the operational wave model WAM and SWAN-2009. Norwegian Meteorological Institute Report 18/2010, Oslo, 24

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasselmann K, Barnett T P, Bouws E, et al. 1973. Measurements of wind-wave growth and swell decay during the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP). Dtsch Hydrogr Z, 12: A8

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland G J. 1980. An analytic model of the wind and pressure profiles in hurricanes. Mon Wea Rev, 108: 1212–1218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holthuijsen L H, Powell M D, Pietrzak J D. 2012. Wind and waves in extreme hurricanes. J Geophys Res, 117(C9): C09003

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu Kelin, Chen Qin. 2011. Directional spectra of hurricane-generated waves in the Gulf of Mexico. Geophys Res Lett, 38(19): L19608

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). 2012. Annual report on the activities of the RSMC Tokyo-Typhoon Center: 92

  • Jensen R E, Gunther H, Janssen P A E M. 2007. Updates to WAM Cycle 4.5+. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Works on Wave Hindcasting and Forecasting. Hawaii

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeong W M, Jun K C, Ryu K H, et al. 2012. Wave climate around Seogwipo Harbor induced by typhoon Bolaven. In: Proceedings of the 20th Conference of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers (in Korean), Special Vol: 3–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim C S, Lim H S, Jeong J Y, et al. 2014. Responses of coastal waters in the Yellow Sea to typhoon Bolaven. J Coast Res, (70): 278–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Komen G J, Caverleri L, Donelan M, et al. 1994. Dynamics and modelling of ocean waves [dissertation]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration (KHOA). 2012. Data report of typhoon Bolaven (201215) (in Korean)

  • Korea Meteorological Agency (KMA). 2013. 2012 Typhoon report, technical report 2013–7, 375

  • Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute (KORDI). 2005. Wave hindcasting for the estimation of deep-water design waves in Korean Waters (in Korean), Report II

  • Moon I-J, Isaac G, Hara T, et al. 2003. Numerical simulation of sea surface directional wave spectra under hurricane wind forcing. J Phys Oceanogr, 33(8): 1680–1760

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osborne A R, Onorato M, Serio M. 2000. The nonlinear dynamics of rogue waves and holes in deep-water gravity wave trains. Phys Lett, 275(5–6): 386–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park W S. 2012. Breakwater damages of Seogwipo harbor by typhoon Bolaven: its causes and suggested remedies. In: Proceedings of the 20th Conference of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers (in Korean), Special Vol: 15–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell M D, Murillo S, Dodge P, et al. 2010. Reconstruction of hurricane Katrina’s wind fields for storm surge and wave hindcasting. Ocean Eng, 37(1): 26–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell M D, Vickery P J, Reinhold T A. 2003. Reduced drag coefficient for high wind speeds in tropical cyclones. Nature, 422: 270–283

    Google Scholar 

  • Shim J S, Min I K, Lee D Y. 2005. Analysis of data observed at Ieodo Ocean Research Station and buoy. In: Proceedings of the Joint Conf. on Ocean Science and Tech. Korea Association of Ocean Science of Technology Society (in Korean), May, Korea, 8

    Google Scholar 

  • Suh K D, Kim M, Kim S W. 2012. Comparison of calculation methods of cumulative damage to breakwater armor layer. J Waterway Port Coastal Ocean Eng, 139(4): 277–285, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The WAMDI Group. 1988. The WAM model—a third generation ocean wave prediction model. J Phys Oceanogr, 18(12): 1775–1810

  • Thompson E F, Cardone V J. 1996. Practical modeling of hurricane surface wind fields. J Waterway Port Coastal Ocean Eng, 122(4): 195–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolman H L, Banner M L, Kaihatu J M. 2013. The NOPP operational wave model improvement project. Ocean Mod, 70: 2–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Meer J W. 1987. Stability of breakwater armour layers–design formulae. Coast Eng, 11(3): 219–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber N. 1991. Bottom friction for wind sea and swell in extreme depth-limited situations. J Phys Oceanogr, 21(1): 149–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Jin. 1982. Wind-stress coefficients over sea surface from breeze to hurricane. J Geophys Res, 87(C12): 9704–9706

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young I R. 2006. Directional spectra of hurricane wind waves. J Geophys Res, 111(C8), doi: 10.1029/2006JC003540

    Google Scholar 

  • Young I R, Vinoth J. 2013. An “extended fetch” model for the spatial distribution of tropical cyclone wind-waves as observed by altimeter. Ocean Eng, 70: 14–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zijlema M, Van Vledder G, Holthuijsen L H. 2012. Bottom friction and wind drag for wave models. Coast Eng, 65: 19–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Coastal Disaster Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, 426–744, Republic of Korea

    Ki Cheon Jun, Jin Yong Choi & Kwang Soon Park

  2. Coastal & Environmental Engineering Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, 426–744, Republic of Korea

    Weon Mu Jeong, Mee Kyung Kim & Jang Won Chae

  3. Marine Radionuclide Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, 426–744, Republic of Korea

    Kyung Tae Jung

  4. First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qindao, 266061, China

    Fangli Qiao

Authors
  1. Ki Cheon Jun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Weon Mu Jeong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jin Yong Choi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kwang Soon Park
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Kyung Tae Jung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mee Kyung Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Jang Won Chae
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Fangli Qiao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jang Won Chae.

Additional information

Foundation item: The Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries of Korea - “The Research and Development on Coastal Hydraulic Investigation of Busan New Port” and “Cooperative Project on Korea-China Bilateral Committee on Ocean Science”; the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST) Project under contract No. PE99325; the China-Korea Joint Ocean Research Center (CKJORC)- “Cooperation on the Development of Basic Technologies for the Yellow Sea and East China Sea Operational Oceanographic System (YOOS)”; both the Nuclear Safety Project of CKJORC and Major Project of KIOST under contract No. PE99304.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jun, K.C., Jeong, W.M., Choi, J.Y. et al. Simulation of the extreme waves generated by typhoon Bolaven (1215) in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 34, 19–28 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-015-0779-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-015-0779-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation