Skip to main content
Log in

Numerical investigation of wave propagation in the Liverpool Bay, NW England

  • Published:
Acta Oceanologica Sinica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The computer model for near shore wave propagation, SWAN, was used to study wave climates in Liverpool Bay, northwest England with various input parameters, including bottom friction factor, white capping, wind drag formulation and effects of tidal modulations. Results were compared with in-situ measurements and reveal the impacts from these inputs on the predictions of wave height and propagation distributions. In particular, the model results were found very sensitive to different input formulations, and tend to underestimate the wave parameters under storm conditions in comparison with the observations. It is therefore important to further validate the model against detailed field measurements, particularly under large storms that are often of the primary concern.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Coastal Engineering Research Centre. 1984. Shore Protection Manual. US Army Corps Engineers, Washington DC, United State of America

    Google Scholar 

  • DEFRA, UK. 2006. Flood and Coastal Defence Appraisal Guidance, FCDPAG3 Economic Appraisal, Supplementary Note to Operating Authorities-Climate Change Impacts, October 2006, Depart for Environment Food and Rural Area, London, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Delft University of Technology. 2006. SWAN User Manual. Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Agency, UK. 2009. Flood Maps [Q/OL] Available at http://maps.environment-agency.gov.uk/wiyby/wiybyController?ep=maptopics&lang=e [Accessed 2 June 2009], Environmental Agency, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves J C, Carter D J T, Cotton P D et al. 2002. Using the SWAN wave model and satellite altimeter data to study the influence of climate change at the coast. Global Atmosphere and Ocean System, 8(1): 41–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasselmann K, Barnett T P, Bouws E, et al. 1973. Measurements of wind-wave growth and swell decay during the joint North Sea wave project (JONSWAP). Dtsch Hydrogr Z Suppl, 12: A8

    Google Scholar 

  • Holthuijsen L H. 2007. Waves in Oceanic and Coastal Waters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hurdle D P, Stive R J H. 1989. Revision of SPM 1984 wave hindcast model to avoid inconsistencies in engineering applications. Coastal Engineering, 12: 339–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madsen O S, Poon Y K, Graber H C. 1988. Spectral wave attenuation by bottom friction: theory Proc 21th Int Conf Coastal Engineering, ASCE. New York: ASCE, 492–504

    Google Scholar 

  • van Vledder, G Ph and Hurdle, D P. 2002. Performance of formulations for whitecapping in wave prediction models, Proc 21rd Int Conf on Offshore Mech and Arctic Eng. New York: ASME, 155–163

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf J. 2003. Parametric Modelling of Waves in Liverpool Bay and Dee Estuary. Liverpool: Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf J. 2008a. Climate Change Effects on Waves in UK Waters, Liverpool Marine Science Symposium, Climate change: the science and the Impacts-A Liverpool Perspective, January 8th–January 9th, 2008. Liverpool: University of Liverpool

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf J. 2008b. Coupled wave and surge modelling and implications for coastal flooding. Advances in Geosciences, Göttingen Germany: Copemicus publications, 17: 19–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf J, Hargreaves J C, Flather R A. 2002. Application of the SWAN Shallow Water Wave Model to Some U.K. Coastal Sites. Bidston, Birkenhead: Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Liverpool

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ming Li.

Additional information

Foundation item: The Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean under contract Nos 200905001 and 201005019; this work is partially sponsored by Engineering and Physics Science Research Council (UK) through DTA training scheme.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Li, M., Raymond, I., Wolf, J. et al. Numerical investigation of wave propagation in the Liverpool Bay, NW England. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 30, 1–13 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-011-0142-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-011-0142-3

Key words

Navigation