Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Mindfulness at Work: Positive Affect, Hope, and Optimism Mediate the Relationship Between Dispositional Mindfulness, Work Engagement, and Well-Being

  • ORIGINAL PAPER
  • Published:
Mindfulness Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Mindfulness has been described as a state of awareness characterized by refined attentional skills and a non-evaluative attitude toward internal and external events. Recently, it has been suggested that higher levels of mindfulness may be beneficial in the workplace and first programs aiming to increase mindful awareness in occupational settings have been introduced. The current study underpins these developments with empirical evidence regarding the involved psychological processes, by investigating the relationship between dispositional mindfulness, work engagement, and well-being in 299 adults in full-time employment. As hypothesized, the results confirm that self-reported mindfulness predicts work engagement and general well-being. Furthermore, these relationships are mediated by positive job-related affect and psychological capital (hope, optimism, resiliency, and self-efficacy). Investigating mindfulness and psychological capital as multi-faceted concepts by means of structural equation modeling yielded a more precise picture. The ability to step back from automatic, habitual reactions to distress turned out to be the mindfulness facet most central for predicting work engagement and well-being. Furthermore, mindfulness exerts its positive effect on work engagement by increasing positive affect, hope, and optimism, which on their own and in combination enhance work engagement (full mediation). Well-being, on the other hand, is directly influenced by mindfulness, which exerts additional indirect influence via positive affect, hope, and optimism (partial mediation). Although exploratory in nature, the results identify non-reactivity and non-judging as important mindfulness skills in the workplace.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allen, T. D., & Kiburz, K. M. (2012). Trait mindfulness and work–family balance among working parents: the mediating effects of vitality and sleep quality. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 372–379. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.09.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arbuckle, J. L. (2012). IBM SPSS Amos 21 user’s guide. Crawfordville: Amos Development Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Attridge, M. (2009). Measuring and managing employee work engagement: a review of the research and business literature. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 24(4), 383–398. doi:10.1080/15555240903188398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avey, J. B., Wernsing, T. S., & Luthans, F. (2008). Can positive employees help positive organizational change? Impact of psychological capital and emotions on relevant attitudes and behaviors. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 44(1), 48–70. doi:10.1177/0021886307311470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avey, J. B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K. H. (2011). Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22(2), 127–152. doi:10.1002/hrdq.20070.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45. doi: 10.1177/1073191105283504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., et al. (2008). Construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment, 15(3), 329–342. doi:10.1177/1073191107313003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, A. B., Albrecht, S. L., & Leiter, M. P. (2011). Key questions regarding work engagement. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(1), 4–28. doi:10.1080/1359432x.2010.485352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balducci, C., Cecchin, M., Fraccaroli, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). Exploring the relationship between workaholism and workplace aggressive behaviour: the role of job-related emotion. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(5), 629–634. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergomi, C., Tschacher, W., & Kupper, Z. (2013). Measuring mindfulness: first steps towards the development of a comprehensive mindfulness scale. Mindfulness, 4(1), 18–32. doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0102-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, S. R., Lau, M. A., Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., et al. (2004). Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18(4), 211–237. doi:10.1080/10478400701598298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardaciotto, L., Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., Moitra, E., & Farrow, V. (2008). The assessment of present-moment awareness and acceptance: the Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale. Assessment, 15(2), 204–223. doi:10.1177/1073191107311467.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. S. (2005). Optimism. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 231–243). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavanagh, M. J., & Spence, G. B. (2012). Mindfulness in coaching: philosophy, psychology or just a useful skill? In J. Passmore, D. B. Peterson, & T. Freire (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of the psychology of coaching and mentoring (pp. 112–134). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Chambers, R., Gullone, E., & Allen, N. B. (2009). Mindful emotion regulation: an integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(6), 560–572. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.06.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, D. J. Q., & Lim, V. K. G. (2012). Strength in adversity: the influence of psychological capital on job search. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(6), 811–839. doi:10.1002/job.1814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiesa, A., Serretti, A., & Jakobsen, J. C. (2013). Mindfulness: top-down or bottom-up emotion regulation strategy? Clinical Psychology Review, 33(1), 82–96. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Claes, R., & Loo, K. (2011). Relationships of proactive behaviour with job-related affective well-being and anticipated retirement age: an exploration among older employees in Belgium. European Journal of Ageing, 8(4), 233–241. doi:10.1007/s10433-011-0203-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cropanzano, R., & Wright, T. A. (1999). A 5-year study of change in the relationship between well-being and job performance. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 51(4), 252–265. doi:10.1037/1061-4087.51.4.252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curtiss, J., & Klemanski, D. H. (2014). Factor analysis of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in a heterogeneous clinical sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10862-014-9429-y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dane, E. (2011). Paying attention to mindfulness and its effects on task performance in the workplace. Journal of Management, 37(4), 997–1018. doi:10.1177/0149206310367948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dane, E., & Brummel, B. J. (2014). Examining workplace mindfulness and its relations to job performance and turnover intention. Human Relations, 67(1), 105–128. doi:10.1177/0018726713487753.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, K. M., Lau, M. A., & Cairns, D. R. (2009). Development and preliminary validation of a trait version of the Toronto Mindfulness Scale. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23(3), 185–197. doi:10.1891/0889-8391.23.3.185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawkins, S., Martin, A., Scott, J., & Sanderson, K. (2013). Building on the positives: a psychometric review and critical analysis of the construct of Psychological Capital. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(3), 348–370. doi:10.1111/joop.12007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, M. G. (1985). A Monte Carlo study of the effects of correlated method variance in moderated multiple regression analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 36(3), 305–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fairlie, P. (2011). Meaningful work, employee engagement, and other key employee outcomes: implications for human resource development. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 13(4), 508–525. doi:10.1177/1523422311431679.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J.-P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: the development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(3), 177–190. doi:10.1007/s10862-006-9035-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forgeard, M. J. C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2012). Seeing the glass half full: a review of the causes and consequences of optimism. Pratiques Psychologiques, 18(2), 107–120. doi:10.1016/j.prps.2012.02.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, 359, 1367–1378. doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1512.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, W. L., Cogliser, C. C., Davis, K. M., & Dickens, M. P. (2011). Authentic leadership: a review of the literature and research agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(6), 1120–1145. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.09.007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glomb, T. M., Duffy, M. K., Bono, J. Y., & Yang, T. (2011). Mindfulness at work. In: A. Joshi, H. Liao, & J. J. Martocchio (Eds.), Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management (pp. 115–157, Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, Vol. 30): Emerald Group Publishing.

  • Gooty, J., Gavin, M., Johnson, P. D., Frazier, M. L., & Snow, D. B. (2009). In the eyes of the beholder: transformational leadership, positive psychological capital, and performance. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 15(4), 353–367. doi:10.1177/1548051809332021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, J. J., & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation: conceptual foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3–24). New York (NY): Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halbesleben, J. R. B., & Wheeler, A. R. (2008). The relative roles of engagement and embeddedness in predicting job performance and intention to leave. Work & Stress, 22(3), 242–256. doi:10.1080/02678370802383962.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halbesleben, J. R. B., Harvey, J., & Bolino, M. C. (2009). Too engaged? A conservation of resources view of the relationship between work engagement and work interference with family. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1452–1465. doi:10.1037/a0017595.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268–279. doi:10.1037//0021-9010.87.2.268.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, E. J., Yang, C., Hawkins, A. J., & Ferris, M. (2004). A cross-cultural test of the work-family interface in 48 countries. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(5), 1300–1316. doi:10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00094.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyle, R. H. (2011). Structural equation modeling for social and personality psychology. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hülsheger, U. R., Alberts, H. J., Feinholdt, A., & Lang, J. W. (2013). Benefits of mindfulness at work: the role of mindfulness in emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(2), 310–325. doi:10.1037/a0031313.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Irving, J. A., Dobkin, P. L., & Park, J. (2009). Cultivating mindfulness in health care professionals: a review of empirical studies of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 15(2), 61–66. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.01.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, S. M., & Luthans, F. (2006). Relationship between entrepreneurs’ psychological capital and their authentic leadership. Journal of Managerial Issues, XVIII(2), 254–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keng, S. L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011). Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: a review of empirical studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 1041–1056. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kiken, L. G., & Shook, N. J. (2011). Looking up: mindfulness increases positive judgments and reduces negativity bias. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2(4), 425–431. doi:10.1177/1948550610396585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klatt, M. D., Buckworth, J., & Malarkey, W. B. (2009). Effects of low-dose mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR-ld) on working adults. Health Education & Behavior, 36(3), 601–614. doi:10.1177/1090198108317627.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lai, X., Li, F., & Leung, K. (2013). A Monte Carlo study of the effects of common method variance on significance testing and parameter bias in hierarchical linear modeling. Organizational Research Methods, 16(2), 243–269. doi:10.1177/1094428112469667.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leroy, H., Anseel, F., Dimitrova, N. G., & Sels, L. (2013). Mindfulness, authentic functioning, and work engagement: a growth modeling approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82(3), 238–247. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2013.01.012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, D. M., Wobbrock, J. O., Kaszniak, A. W., & Ostergren, M. (2012). The effects of mindfulness meditation training on multitasking in a high-stress information environment. In: Graphics Interface Conference, Toronto, 28–30 May 2012 2012 (pp. 45–52, Proceedings of Graphics Interface). Toronto: Canadian Information Processing Society.

  • Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 151–173. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007a). Positive psychological capital: measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 541–572. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007b). Psychological capital: developing the human competitive edge. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803–855. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malinowski, P. (2008). Mindfulness as psychological dimension: concepts and applications. Irish Journal of Psychology, 29(1), 155–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malinowski, P. (2012). Flourishing through meditation and mindfulness. In S. David, I. Boniwell, & A. Conley Ayers (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Happiness (pp. 384–396). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malinowski, P. (2013). Neural mechanisms of attentional control in mindfulness meditation. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 7, 8. doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00008.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markos, S., & Sridevi, M. S. (2010). Employee engagement: the key to improving performance. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(12), 89–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meiklejohn, J., Phillips, C., Freedman, M. L., Griffin, M. L., Biegel, G., Roach, A., et al. (2012). Integrating mindfulness training into K-12 education: fostering the resilience of teachers and students. Mindfulness, 3(4), 291–307. doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0094-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, A., & Malinowski, P. (2009). Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. Consciousness and Cognition, 18(1), 176–186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papies, E. K., Barsalou, L. W., & Custers, R. (2012). Mindful attention prevents mindless impulses. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(3), 291–299. doi:10.1177/1948550611419031.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quoidbach, J., Berry, E. V., Hansenne, M., & Mikolajczak, M. (2010). Positive emotion regulation and well-being: comparing the impact of eight savoring and dampening strategies. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(5), 368–373. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.048.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ram, P., & Prabhakar, G. V. (2011). The role of employee engagement in work-related outcomes. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business, 1(3), 47–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reb, J., Narayanan, J., & Chaturvedi, S. (2014). Leading mindfully: two studies on the influence of supervisor trait mindfulness on employee well-being and performance. Mindfulness, 5, 36-45. doi: 10.1007/s12671-012-0144-z.

  • Rego, A., Marques, C., Leal, S., Sousa, F., & Pina e Cunha, M. (2010). Psychological capital and performance of Portuguese civil servants: exploring neutralizers in the context of an appraisal system. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(9), 1531–1552. doi:10.1080/09585192.2010.488459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, I. T., & Cooper, C. L. (2010). Full engagement: the integration of employee engagement and psychological well-being. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 31(4), 324–336. doi:10.1108/01437731011043348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roche, M., Haar, J. M., & Luthans, F. (2014). The role of mindfulness and psychological capital on the well-being of leaders. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Advance online publication. doi:10.1037/a0037183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenzweig, S., Reibel, D. K., Greeson, J. M., Brainard, G. C., & Hojat, M. (2003). Mindfulness-based stress reduction lowers psychological distress in medical students. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 15(2), 88–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600–619. doi:10.1108/02683940610690169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salanova, M., Llorens, S., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2011). “Yes, I can, I feel good, and I just do it!” On gain cycles and spirals of efficacy beliefs, affect, and engagement. Applied Psychology, 60(2), 255–285. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2010.00435.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sauer, S., & Kohls, N. (2011). Mindfulness in leadership: does being mindful enhance leaders’ business success? In S. Han & E. Pöppel (Eds.), Culture and neural frames of cognition and communication (pp. 287–307). Berlin: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: a two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: a cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701-716. doi:10.1177/0013164405282471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models. Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures Methods of Psychological Research, 8(2), 23–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Lawlor, M. S. (2010). The effects of a mindfulness-based education program on pre- and early adolescents’ well-being and social and emotional competence. Mindfulness, 1(3), 137–151. doi:10.1007/s12671-010-0011-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sears, S., & Kraus, S. (2009). I think therefore I am: cognitive distortions and coping style as mediators for the effects of mindfulness meditation on anxiety, positive and negative affect, and hope. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(6), 561–573. doi:10.1002/jclp.20543.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 373–386. doi:10.1002/jclp.20237.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K. W., & Biegel, G. M. (2007). Teaching self-care to caregivers: effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on the mental health of therapists in training. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 1(2), 105–115. doi:10.1037/1931-3918.1.2.105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K. W., Thoresen, C., & Plante, T. G. (2011). The moderation of mindfulness-based stress reduction effects by trait mindfulness: results from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(3), 267–277. doi:10.1002/jclp.20761.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimazu, A., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Is workaholism good or bad for employee well-being? The distinctiveness of workaholism and work engagement among Japanese employees. Industrial Health, 47, 495–502.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siemsen, E., Roth, A., & Oliveira, P. (2010). Common method bias in regression models with linear, quadratic, and interaction effects. Organizational Research Methods, 13(3), 456–476. doi:10.1177/1094428109351241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, M. R. (2009). Engagement at work: a review of the literature. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46(7), 1012–1024. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.05.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slagter, H. A., Davidson, R. J., & Lutz, A. (2011). Mental training as a tool in the neuroscientific study of brain and cognitive plasticity. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5, 17. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00017.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. R. (2002). TARGET ARTICLE: Hope theory: rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13(4), 249–275. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1304_01.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., et al. (1991). The will and the ways: development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 570–585.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnentag, S. (2003). Recovery, work engagement, and proactive behavior: a new look at the interface between nonwork and work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 518–528.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnentag, S., Mojza, E. J., Binnewies, C., & Scholl, A. (2008). Being engaged at work and detached at home: a week-level study on work engagement, psychological detachment, and affect. Work & Stress, 22(3), 257–276. doi:10.1080/02678370802379440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., et al. (2007). The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5, 63. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-5-63.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teper, R., & Inzlicht, M. (2013). Meditation, mindfulness and executive control: the importance of emotional acceptance and brain-based performance monitoring. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8(1), 85–92. doi:10.1093/scan/nss045.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teper, R., Segal, Z. V., & Inzlicht, M. (2013). Inside the mindful mind: how mindfulness enhances emotion regulation through improvements in executive control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(6), 449–454. doi:10.1177/0963721413495869.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Berkel, J., Proper, K. I., Boot, C. R. L., Bongers, P. M., & van der Beek, A. J. (2011). Mindful “Vitality in Practice”: an intervention to improve the work engagement and energy balance among workers; the development and design of the randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 736–748.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Berkel, J., Boot, C. R. L., Proper, K. I., Bongers, P. M., & van der Beek, A. J. (2013). Process evaluation of a workplace health promotion intervention aimed at improving work engagement and energy balance. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 55(1), 19–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Katwyk, P. T., Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Kelloway, E. K. (2000). Using the Job-Related Affective Well-Being Scale (JAWS) to investigate affective responses to work stressors. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(2), 219–230. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.5.2.219.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verplanken, B., & Fisher, N. (2014). Habitual worrying and benefits of mindfulness. Mindfulness, 5(5), 566–573. doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0211-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, N., Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2009). A multi-method examination of the effects of mindfulness on stress attribution, coping, and emotional well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(3), 374–385. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, M. J., Dalgleish, T., Karl, A., & Kuyken, W. (2014). Examining the factor structures of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and the Self-Compassion Scale. Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 407–418. doi:10.1037/a0035566.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolever, R. Q., Bobinet, K. J., McCabe, K., Mackenzie, E. R., Fekete, E., Kusnick, C. A., et al. (2012). Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17(2), 246–258. doi:10.1037/a0027278.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, T. A., & Cropanzano, R. (2000). Psychological well-being and job satisfaction as predictors of job performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 84–94. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, T. A., Cropanzano, R., & Meyer, D. G. (2004). State and trait correlates of job performance: a tale of two perspectives. Journal of Business and Psychology, 18(3), 365–383. doi:10.1023/b:jobu.0000016708.22925.72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 121–141. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Work engagement and financial returns: a diary study on the role of job and personal resources. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(1), 183–200. doi:10.1348/096317908x285633.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Centre for Brain and Behaviour, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK

    Peter Malinowski & Hui Jia Lim

Authors
  1. Peter Malinowski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hui Jia Lim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peter Malinowski.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Malinowski, P., Lim, H.J. Mindfulness at Work: Positive Affect, Hope, and Optimism Mediate the Relationship Between Dispositional Mindfulness, Work Engagement, and Well-Being. Mindfulness 6, 1250–1262 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0388-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0388-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation