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Radon (222Rn) occurrence in groundwater bodies on São Miguel Island (Azores archipelago, Portugal)

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Abstract

A set of springs were sampled along São Miguel Island (Azores, Portugal) to proceed to the characterization of the major-ion and radon (222Rn) content. According to the selection criteria a total of 42 discharges were sampled, both during winter and summer periods, along major geological units, namely 3 springs at Sete Cidades Volcano, 4 at Nordeste Volcano, 17 at Fogo Volcano, and 18 at Furnas Volcano. Spring water temperature ranges from 12.8 to 78.1 °C in winter (mean = 23.6 °C), and from 12.6 to 76.7 °C in summer (mean = 23.9 °C), and the dataset comprehends 26 (winter) to 21 (summer) cold springs, 3 to 8 ortothermal springs, as well as 13 thermal discharges. Mean electrical conductivity is equal to 552.9 μS/cm (winter) and 550 μS/cm (summer), suggesting a short residence time, and waters are acidic to slightly basic in character (pHwinter: 4.16–7.16; pHsummer: 4.05–7.35). Groundwater chemistry is manly controlled by silicate leaching, enhanced by the water temperature, seawater spraying and by the active volcanic environment. 222Rn content ranges between 0.99 and 551.64 Bq/L (mean = 47.8 Bq/L) in winter and between 1.42 and 559.67 Bq/L (mean = 49.4 Bq/L) in summer. All the springs with anomalously higher values are located in Fogo Volcano, while the lowest radon concentrations are observed at Furnas Volcano. Groundwater temperature exerts a control over the 222Rn concentration; thus, the lower content corresponds to the most mineralized thermal waters. Springs with the higher radon content show the radiogenic contribution from uranium-rich peralkaline syenite intrusive body. Furthermore, data reveal that besides this lithologic control some waters are influenced by 222Rn migration from a deeper source towards shallower aquifers, carried by a volatile flux of CO2.

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  1. CIVISA-Centro de Informação e Vigilância Sismovulcânica dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal

    R. Branco, C. Silva & C. Andrade

  2. IVAR-Instituto de Investigação em Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal

    R. Branco, J. Virgílio Cruz, C. Silva, R. Coutinho, C. Andrade & V. Zanon

  3. FCT-Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal

    J. Virgílio Cruz & R. Coutinho

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Supplementary file1 Online Resource 1—Geographical distribution of the 222Rn content in the studied springs during the winter survey. Online Resource 2—Geographical distribution of the 222Rn content in the studied springs during the summer survey. (PDF 1207 KB)

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Branco, R., Cruz, J.V., Silva, C. et al. Radon (222Rn) occurrence in groundwater bodies on São Miguel Island (Azores archipelago, Portugal). Environ Earth Sci 80, 609 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09906-x

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